Representative democracy Essay

Representative democracy is what we have in this country. We are seen by many other countries as one of the most well run countries in the world. Our system seems to run very well and there are many advantages of using the system we do. The principal is that the people are represented through their MP who is able to put the views of the constituent to parliament. On the other hand most politicians want to be successful. and this much easier if you follow the party line. The use of the whip system means that if there is a whip to the 1st degree then the Prime Minister expects you to vote the same way as him. If you do not, this may jeopardize your chances of getting up the opportunity ladder, as you are against the decision of the elected party leader. Another advantage of representative democracy is that the elected MP for a specific area will be aware of the problems, things that could be improved and the views of the constituents in that town/s. This means that peoples needs can be met to the highest level. A disadvantage to this would be that people may not get a chance to see their MP to express their beliefs so they may often feel like their views are unwanted and be annoyed with the government e.g. if someone sent a letter to their representing MP and did not get a response. Also, MP’s are spending more and more time in Westminster. This means they are often away and this is why they may be out of touch with their constituents. Some people believe along with the Conservative Party and Edmund Burke that the general public is not intelligent enough to make decisions for themselves, so we have a government made up of intellectually superior people to do it for us so we don’t get it wrong. But the majority of the people would argue that we are all equal and we should all have an equal say in all matters. After all, democracy is defined as â€Å"A form of government in which political power is exercised by the citizens†. Another argument for Representative democracy is that it is very practical and quick. Some people think that other kinds of democracy are more efficient like direct democracy because the whole country would vote on every issue and it would be very democratic. This is not always the case e.g. in Switzerland they have direct democracy and in every referendum held in the past year, less than 50% of those eligible to vote did so. Also the government does not have to go with what the majority of the people decide so some people may say that it is pointless. Some people may say that representative democracy is not very democratic because of many reasons e.g. the whip system. Page 2 Representative democracy allows MP’s to look at all of the factors and elements that would be affected if a new policy was introduced and make an informed decision on which way to vote. This means it is reliable and there are lots of people trying to find a problem with the policy and either amend it, or vote against it. A major flaw with this is that even though the MP is supposed to represent the views of his/her constituents not all of the peoples views may not get back to the MP so they do not have all of the factors to consider. This system where the people elect MP’s to vote in matters for them seems like a very fair system. However some people say that when examined closely the system demonstrates a range of flaws which can make it unfair and undemocratic. One of these is the fact that when a party is running for election, they bring out a manifesto. This is a small booklet of the main policies that that party wishes to bring in, and the main issues they wish to tackle. This sounds excellent, but the party does not have to feature policies they don’t want to on the manifesto. This means that a party could have policies that the public may not agree with and only bring them in after they have been elected. Another problem with this system is how representative parliament actually is.. The term â€Å"representative† means the people are represented. This  includes all people such as men, women, homosexuals and ethnic minorities. In the House of Lords and the House of Commons, this is not the case. The figures for women and ethnic minority population in the two houses are below. House of Commons: Ethnic minorities: 1.4% Women 19.6 House of Lords: Ethnic minorities: 1.5% Women: 18.3% These figures demonstrate that our representative system is not as democratic as it might first appear.. In conclusion, there are several advantages and disadvantages of Representative democracy, but I have looked over them many times and every time I have analyzed the figures, points and facts I found that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages so the system we use today may not be working at the level we would expect it to be run. Now the question that is asked should be is Representative Democracy the best political system for our country to use?

Role of Women in the Paleolithic and Modern Period

This memorandum serves three purposes: (1) declares the chosen person for the heart transplantation; (2) outlines the decision process; (3) evaluates possible outcomes of the made decision. Among the three qualifying candidates who were in need of the transplant, the person that was chosen to go through the process of heart transplant is Lisa; a 12- year-old female who has suffered from health issues all throughout her life.Lisa has suffered from various viral infections and a lupus-like immune deficiency which cost her entire childhood. In addition, her heart was damaged due to pneumonia which add her heart stop for a brief period of time. Even though her chances of surviving in her ass are not guaranteed, Lisa deserves a few more years added to her life to at least experience and see the beauty of the world. During the process of decision-making, two ethics-based processes were used for comparison purposes and analysis in order to thoroughly determine the recipient of the heart.In applying a Utilitarian ends-based ethics theory, the decision to choose Lisa was based on John Stuart Mill's concept of the Greatest Happiness Principle which seeks happiness as the only desired outcome; neglecting all the rules and reminisces (Ruggeri, 2011). Lisa should receive the new heart because she is the only person who suffered most throughout her life. Jerry, one of the candidates, had at least lived 50 years which enabled him to build his own family; while Oozy had at least lived for 30 years.Although both candidates mentioned also deserve the heart, Lisa deserves the new heart most because she will help inspire other children her age that there is hope if you Just believe in the goodness of the world and people. Another ethics-based theory that contributed to the decision of choosing Lisa is SST. Augustine theory about the ‘power of evil and sin. ‘ In his greatest spiritual autobiography, he detailed his sufferings and struggles with his own human nature (Rug geri, 2011).However, he used his compelling personal experiences of sin to impact everybody through teaching the lesson of struggle and virtue through religious faith. In analyzing the situation, Lisa is somewhat like SST. Augustine in a way that they have both struggled in life. If Lisa would be given the chance to live, she would have the chance to prove something to herself that she can accomplish something in her life. No one is too young to make a difference in this world. This heart transplant may not guarantee Alias's survival in her ass.However, the few years that will be added to her life will Just be enough for her to experience how to live a normal life Just like any other children in her age. There is so much innocence and youth in her that seeing her life be taken away would have been too much to bear for anyone to think. Hence, by applying all the ethics-based theory mentioned in this memorandum, the decision to choose Lisa as the recipient of the heart transplant was made, and further transplant process should be deployed immediately in order to save a young girl's life.This decision will be immediately communicated to the higher administration of the hospital as well as to the parents of Lisa immediately in order to confirm their approval and agreement regarding the decision made. Given that there is an immediate need for Lisa to receive the new heart, as the Lead Surgeon of the BBC Medical Center, the process of the heart transplantation for Lisa should begin as soon as possible.

Gender equality in news media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender equality in news media - Research Paper Example In the 21st century, this should not be given as an excuse to deny women the same important task handed to their male counterparts. According to Nitz et al (2007), the numbers of global activities that are very important have rapidly increased. The news cycle on most television continues to be politically heavy. In the theory, this could give women an opportunity also to work on the hard news stories since there is more to report. The paper was aimed to determine whether, with so many big stories to report, women are still being pushed to traditionally feminine, human-interest stories. Has the busy political field given them the opportunity to match their male counterpart in reporting hard news? The purpose of the research is to illustrate the major roles regarding news and media. The paper will inform the reader how the gender influences the news broadcasting and how this affects the public as well. The paper argument is that the task covered by male reporters differs from these covered by their female counterparts. In particular, the thesis argues that the male journalist covers hard stories while their female counterparts cover simple stories. The thesis also focuses on the disparities in dressing between the female and male counterpart reporters and its effect. Majority of the studies showed that women are considered less capable of relay in information than men are. This could be seen as background of considering that today more woman consume the news than men. The consumption of mass media continually this personal view. This could lead to the assumption that society will reinforce women with a lower public status than men as few women journalist are shown in the news coverage. Women have made tremendous achievements in breaking into the news business. Study show that fifty percent of the journalists are women. However, women face professional

Fluride Varnish and how often general and pediatric dentist use them Essay

Fluride Varnish and how often general and pediatric dentist use them and how they feel about pediatricians applying them - Essay Example Health professionals, nevertheless, endorse prevention of oral diseases first to parents through proper oral hygiene for preventive purposes (Nowak, 2006). It has been noted among experts about the lack of information on what is the extent of damage on fluoride use to children (Moss, 2005). In fact, use of fluoride toothpaste is actually recommended during infanthood as soon as a substantial quantity of baby teeth have grown as part of the proper care for children's teeth, although it is also highly recommended that a pediatric dentist be sought for any necessary treatments such as the use of fluoride varnish (Jacobs, 2005). Starting in 1977 until 2003, the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry or AAPD advocated the use of fluoride as "a safe and effective adjunct in reducing the risk of caries and reversing enamel demineralization," to the extent that AAPD encouraged public health officials, health care providers, parents and caregivers to "optimize fluoride exposure," (AAPD, 2003). Nevertheless, the "Policy on Use (cannot delete "Use" because it is the title of a policy!) of Fluoride" cautioned the use of topical fluoride-containing products to young children to prevent ingestion of excessive amounts of fluoride (Warren & Levy, 1999). Fluoride varnish is considered as one of the breakthrough innovations in dentistry. The simple coating of fluoride treatment can provide long-term dental relief. Accordingly, fluoride varnish has higher concentration of fluoride compared with other forms of dental enhancements. Fluoride varnish is less toxic and provides no harm to children. According to Autio (2000), fluoride varnish quickly adheres to teeth and it takes less time than other topical treatment to be released to the tooth surface nurturing the minerals in the teeth. Toxicity has been a major concern with fluoride treatment especially among children ages 6 and below. In previous studies, it has been proven that fluoride varnish has the lowest rate of fluoride in the blood plasma compared with other topical treatments making it a safer choice for children (Moss, 2005). The use of fluoride varnish has been commonly seen in Europe. Also, the commercialization of fluoride varnish has become a crucial component of its introduction to other locations such as the United States, and some parts of Asia. Most important, the efficacy of fluoride varnish has been widely recognized (Moss, 2005). Fluoride varnish is a liquid coating that is applied to the teeth using a brush. The liquid dries quickly minutes after the application. Fluoride varnish provides a protective coating of fluoride on teeth. According to studies (Moss 2005 and Autio, 2000). The fluoride is released over a period of months that strengthens teeth and prevents tooth decay. The fluoride varnish needs to be reapplied every 3-4 months to maintain its effectiveness. This tasteless liquid has been used in several dental clinics. It has also been proven to be effective in preventing tooth decay and other related dental problems (Autio, 2000 and Moss, 2005). Fluoride varnish is safe as approved by the American Dental Association (ADA). After the fluoride varnish is

Structural members in concrete bridges and highway Essay

Structural members in concrete bridges and highway - Essay Example CORE MEMBERS There are many elements that have to be understood before the structure of any structure like a bridge or a whole highway can be comprehended. Engineering laws are always based on key elements. Some key elements of both the structures will be explained quite extensively along with the types of bridges which have these elements present in them. Some of those key elements are: Beam This element in the bridge is the horizontal structure which withstands vertical weight known as bending for example gravitational load or load due to wind. Beams in bridges can either be made of reinforced concrete, steel or wood. Any type of beam can be categorized by their profiling. Some of the examples of beams are I-Beam, T-Beam and box beam. Column Column is known to be the vertical structure designed for carrying lateral weight. It is one of the most important components of the bridge. This is the first portion of any bridge that has to be built. The horizontal weights like slabs and bea ms are placed once the column has been constructed. Foundation Foundation is the lowest layer of support of a structure. It can either be deep or shallow. This is usually the first part of the design when the project is being planned. The phases or implementation will be later discussed in the report. The foundation is the component of the structure which holds the columns on which the beams lie. Therefore it can easily be said that a solid foundation, which has holding capability is the one which is best for any kind of bridge, otherwise the structure can be massively damaged causing human and financial loss. Types of Bridges There are various types of bridges that have been developed over the period of time, when the human brain has... It is evident from the study that there are many elements that have to be understood before the structure of any structure like a bridge or a whole highway can be comprehended. Engineering laws are always based on key elements. Some key elements of both the structures will be explained quite extensively along with the types of bridges which have these elements present in them. Various steps are under-taken for the completion of both, the bridge and a highway alike. A construction company has to set up its goals and designs even before the first brick is laid. The construction steps are explained in detail in this section of the paper. This paper will render light over some of the examples of successful as well as some disastrous bridge/highway designs. This report can be concluded by describing an analogy in which a bridge/highway is created between two factious towns. The amount of length saved to the community of the two people can be somehow converted in the time saved travelling in their cars on the route when the bridge was not present. It can be safely said that more time of their lives will be saved by this then their actual lives. Such an impact has been brought upon by this simple everyday invention, about which we don’t think about while travelling. A road/highway/bridge has evolved the way man travels. Long journeys which were earlier not possible without aircrafts or boats are now been travelled due the connection made by this smart structural invention by mankind.

Malcolm knowles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Malcolm knowles - Assignment Example In one of his books, Platon’s Educational Ideas, Kapp highlights the necessity for lifelong learning. Kapp argues that education, educating the character and self reflection of the character are the first essentials in human life. He analyzes the education of an individual and combines the inner personality character and the outer objective competencies, deriving a conclusion that learning occurs not only through teachers but also through life experiences and self reflection. Later in 1920’s, the theory found its roots through a group of scholars from Germany. Their idea was sophisticated and theory-oriented and was not extensively shared thus it was forgotten. The 1950’s saw the emergence of publication of Andragogy in Germany, Netherlands, Yugoslavia and Switzerland. The application of the theory was still known to insiders. The theory gained global recognition in 1960’s by the influence of Malcolm Knowles. Knowles published this theory in 1968 under the title â€Å"Andragogy, not Pedagogy†. The theory became widely known and was applied majorly for adult education (Melick, Richard & Shera 112). The andragogic model as formulated by Knowles highlights five issues that need to be considered and addressed by formal educators. First, the learning candidate should be informed of the importance of learning and why. This assumption (or principle) does not emphasize on the reasons why the students/ learners are in the classroom but rather on the importance of each item they are taught when in the classroom. Secondly, the learners should be shown how to guide and direct themselves through information. This includes respecting the learning styles of the candidates. There are generally three learning styles; visual, kinetic and auditory. Visual learners rely mostly on pictures. They understand the education topic much better by use of illustrations, graphs and diagrams and adapt

SELF INCRIMINATION Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

SELF INCRIMINATION - Research Paper Example Two main principles of the Fifth Amendment therefore include protection of rights of persons undergoing criminal proceedings in the courts, to further support the premise of innocent until proven guilty. Secondly, the principle of prevention of prosecution conduct likely to compel defendants to give their own incriminating evidence takes shape in the Fifth Amendment. Judges cannot compel individuals before court to give information that would directly affect negatively in their pursuit of exoneration in court proceedings. Other persons with an interest in the case cannot compel the defendant to give evidence against themselves within the precincts of the court (GetLegal, 2012). The Fifth Amendment therefore controls any influence that could alter the defendant’s opportunity to present their case before court with confidence that they will not face undue pressure to incriminate themselves, thereby destroying their enjoyment of right to be innocent until proven guilty. Another emergent theme in the Fifth Amendment is the active separation of powers in criminal proceedings, where the executive faces barring environment against use of force on witnesses’ rights. The interpretation of the Fifth Amendment has however faced various contestations with regard to the parties and conditions against which the Amendment gains enforcement authen tication. In Miranda v. Arizona, a case that took place in 1966 the United States Supreme Court defined the admissibility of evidence obtained irregularly from the defendant, particularly within the conditions of absence of an attorney to guide the defendant during questioning. According to the court’s argument, obtaining exculpatory and inculpatory statement in gathering prosecutorial evidence exposes the individual to conditions that may violate their own constitutional rights of informed consent. The right against

Journal Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Journal - Coursework Example Education today starts at a very young age, at the level of preschool and kindergarten classes. However, modern education seems to have taken a detour, as it had deviated from its primary purpose, which is to prepare kids for the larger things in life, to be productive adult citizens. In this regard, I find the list to be very clear; I had gone over each item and found everything to be clear enough for me. Each expectation on that list can be considered as very reasonable and logical. A particular skill that I want to develop this semester is engagement in the childrens play and along this line, in exploration of childrens skills through careful monitoring of childrens play. I am a very shy person and it is this one characteristic trait which I must overcome so I can be an effective teacher to kids. At first glance, it should not be too difficult because I am basically dealing with small children, and yet kids these days are very smart too and able to discern whether their teacher is correctly engaged with them or not. It is then necessary for me to deal with them in a natural and spontaneous way, to hide my shyness with intentional interactions in order to make a positive difference in these little childrens lives. Teachers today must also be researchers, to be more effective at their task of educating young minds, like choosing the right curriculum to use in their learning programs. The curriculum for children today has been commercialized and compartmentalized, to the extent that time spent on learning has been rigidly regimented, and the time is too short. This time-based approach is not conducive to a quality learning environment. The process of learning is harried; play for children is no longer fun for them and so learning suffers a lot. In childrens educational curriculum today, quality is ill-defined and so objectives are muddled or murk. The first strategy to help kids is to support play, provide support, and observe. Moreover, the emphasis on

Final Exam Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Final Exam Study Guide Essay Review Sheet Delivered on Monday, December 2, for the Final Exam to be administered on Monday, December 9. Gai Ferdon, Ph. D. Carefully consider each the following questions and be prepared to answer all of them in a multiple question format. The Exam will not contain questions unrelated to these unless presented for extra credit. To facilitate reflective thinking, the Exam will also contain questions related to quotations found in works by significant individuals mentioned in class, for you to examine and tease out the basic assumptions. This review sheet has been delivered one-week in advance of the Exam, offering you ample time to prepare. You are encouraged to tackle sections of the review sheet, presented as subject headings identical with lecture handouts. Budget your time wisely to ensure a successful grade. Move Towards American Independence and State Constitutions American War for Independence (â€Å"1763† 1776-1783) 1. Who originally crafted the Declaration of Independence? With this, what is the significance of ‘Congress’ in its title? Who further altered and ratified the document? – Committee of 5 (Jefferson, Franklin, Adams, Sherman, Robert Livingston) – It’s a split, severing connections with Britain – Continental congress 2. What is the significance of the Declaration of Independence relative to the American Constitutional Order and System? It was a legal charter for the USA 3. Be able to identify the civil principle clearly enunciated in the Declaration of Independence known as the â€Å"Doctrine of the Lower Magistrate. † In this regard, you will need to refresh yourself on the role of the Continental Congresses. Lower magistrate corrects Upper magistrate 4. What is meant by the phrase â€Å"Laws of Nature and Nature’s God,† as America’s legal claim for separation from Great Britain and located in the preamble to the Declaration of Independence? – Their philosophical region for separating from great Britain. God endowed us with certain rights and if they are violated we are allowed to separate from whomever is violating them. 5. You will be required to read certain portions of the Declaration of Independence to tease out its civil principles. In this regard, be able to identify the ‘justification for legal authority’ to separate from Britain, which represents the legal claim made by the representatives. With this, how can we be certain that the Declaration of Independence is not a â€Å"deistic document† textually? Long train of abuses and user patience / they call on God as a witness 6. Three-fourths of the Declaration of Independence is devoted to enumerating twenty-eight charges against King George III. Twenty-four of these charges were originally located in State Constitutions. These grievances also depict violations in relation to what? 7. Does the Declaration of Independence delineate of express a structure of government, or a prerogative of power, and hence, representative of a Constitution? NO 8. What is the difference between the engrossment of the Declaration of Independence and the Dunlop Edition? Engrossment It was handwritten and then signed Dunlop was printed and handed out 9. When did the United States become a sovereign nation? July 4th 1776 10. Where is the engrossment of the Declaration of Independence housed? NARA Articles of Confederation 1781-1789: A System of Confederalism and State Sovereignty and the U. S. Constitutional Convention (May 25 – September 1787): Steps Towards a More Perfect Union 1. What was the nature of the civil arrangement of the Articles government? In other words, was it national, confederal, or federal? – Confederal Government 2. What led to the move towards the Constitutional Convention of 1787? The weakness of the articles of Confederation 3. Make certain you are able to identify the correct dates relative to the adoption of the Declaration of Independence as well as the ratification of the Articles of Confederation, and the adoption of the U. S. Constitution by the Constitutional Convention. Declaration – July 4th 1776 Articles of Confed. – November 15th 1777 US Constitution – September 17, 1787 4. Be able to identify the nature of the deliberations during the constitutional convention. In other words, what was the main concern in regards to forming a new national civil structure? 5. What is the nature of the civil arrangement of the U. S. Constitution? In other words, was it national, confederal, or federal? Confederal What is the nature of federalism? Nature of Federalism – Abuse Power 6. Who drafted the U. S. Constitution? – Committee of 5 (Oliver Ellsworth, James Wilson, Edmund Randolph, Nathaniel Gorhand) 7. Who ratified the U. S. Constitution? – The states The United States Constitution: A Civil Covenant 1. What is the significance of the Federalist Papers (1787-1788)? Be prepared to read excerpts from some of these editorials to tease out the basic ideas. 2. What is the significance of Elliot’s Debates? – The record of the debates of the states on whether they would ratify the constitution or not. 3. What represents the philosophical nature of the U. S. Constitution? – Limited civil government to ensure ordered Liberty 4. Be able to identify the definition of a republic which the U. S. Constitution embodies. – PowerPoint 18 5. Be able to identify the proper definition of federalism. – Divided authority and diffuse power to a tri part system with checks and balances within a constitutional framework for the sake of ordered liberty. (Sovereignty lies no where, its spread out through the entire system. ) Slide 4 6. Why are people best governed by a diversity of power as opposed to a unity of power? Diversity of power makes tyranny harder to achieve 7. What is the law of the nature of the power of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, which the U. S. Constitution assumes to be true? In other words, what is the function of each of these branches? What Constitutional Articles identify the nature of these powers? – Articles 1-3 slide 9 8. Be able to identify the federal nature of the US Constitution. In this regard, you will be expected to identify the mechanics and structure of Federalism. With this, do not neglect the place of checks and balances and separation of powers as part of Federalism know these categories as well. – Federal in nature, republican in form 9. Be able to identify some of the principal instruments of checking and balancing outlined in the U. S. Constitution. – Veto powers in terms of office. All are located in lecture 18 10. What are the four kinds of power associated with the U. S. Constitution? What is the definition of each? – Enumerated – The power that is expressly given, Implied – Powers that are not expressly given but are implied, Concurrent – Powers possessed by the national and the state governments, Residual – Powers preserved for the states and for the people 11. What is the significance of Amendments IX and X of the Bill of Rights to the U. S. Constitution? – Residual Powers Principles of Economics: Hazlitt Hazlitt Text: Be prepared for one question related to each of the following chapters: Title is the answer 1. Chp. 4: â€Å"Public Works Mean Taxes† – Public works arnt the best idea in the world because it taxes the people more 2. Chap. 5: â€Å"Taxes Discourage Production† 3. Chap. 6: â€Å"Credit Divers Production. † 4. Chap. 11: â€Å"Who’s ‘Protected’ by Tarriffs? † – The governments own interests 5. Chap. 12: â€Å"The Drive for Exports† – To get income a different way than taxing people 6. Chap. 13: ‘â€Å"Parity† Prices’ 7. Chap. 15: â€Å"How the Price System Works† Your Exam will also contain five extra credit questions. With this, your extra credit option presented in Blackboard must be submitted along with your Final Exam.

Translation Theory Revision Essay Example for Free

Translation Theory Revision Essay Translation – The process of translation between two different languages involves the translator changing an original text (the source text – ST) in the original verbal languages (the source languages – SL) in a different verbal language (the target language – TL) S. Bassnet def: Translation is rendering of a SL text into the TL so as to ensure that: 1) the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar, and 2) the structures of the SL will e preserved as closely as possible but not so closely that the TL structures will be seriously distorted. Susan Basset: Telling the same things in a different language in a way that sounds natural, getting the point across. Translation types: Semiotic classification: Intralingual – an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language Interlingual – an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language Intersemiotic – an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. Binary classifications: Free translation translator replaces a social, or cultural, reality in the source text with a corresponding reality in the target text Literal rendering of text from one language to another word-for-word. Overt – is a TT that does not mean to be an original. The individual text function cannot be tha same for TT and ST since the cultures are different. Covert – ST is not linked to the ST culture or audience; both ST and TT address their respective receivers directly. Domestication vs foreigization: translation methods that move the writer toward [the reader], i.e. , fluency, and those that move the reader toward [the author] (domestication) , i. e. , an extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text (foreignization). Documentary (preserve the original exoticizing setting) vs instrumental (adaptation of the setting to the target culture) Text Type Theory: Katharina Reiss. Determine, what kind of text you are dealing with: †¢ Informative – plain facts (newspaper article) †¢ Expressive – creative composition (poetry) †¢ Operative – including behavioural responses (ads) †¢ Multi/audio-medial (films or visual/oral ads). Equivalence: Dynamic equivalence (also known as functional equivalence) attempts to convey the thought expressed in a source text (if necessary, at the expense of literalness, original word order, the source texts grammatical voice, etc. ), while formal equivalence attempts to render the text word-for-word (if necessary, at the expense of natural expression in the target language). J. C. Catford †¢ A formal correspondent – any TL category which van be said to occupy the ‘same’ place in SL †¢ A textual equivalent – any TL text or part of text that van be said to be the equivalent of the ST Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) †¢ A firmly empirical (kogemuslik) discipline †¢ Describes and maps translations †¢ Proposes hypotheses as why the translations are like they are †¢ Avoids being prescriptive The aim of DTS is to acquire insight into the nature and function of translation as a cultural and historical phenomenon DTS leading figures: Gideon Toury, Andre Lefevere Early translation theory Cicero – senise-for-sense. Synthesized in Latin Greek philosophers. The founder of Western translation theory. The 1st to comment on the process of translation. Translation serves as the study and imitation of rhetorical models. Free translation that is focused on the meaning. Horace model – target orientation. Aesthetically pleasing and creative translation. Art of Poetry. Quintilian – remarks on translations are v much in the Ciceroian tradition. Makes a difference between: metaphrasis – replacing a single word with a single word; paraphrasis – replacing a phrase with a phrase. Jerome model – translation Bible – latin „Vulgateâ€Å" (405. y). Translated sense-for-sense, rather that word-for-word. German Romanticism: individual author’s vision. Author is a creator. Shlegel: all writings in act of translation: Schleiermacher: translator could take the reader along and make him walk with the author or in the other way around.. Word-for-word translation onorthodox view of translation. †¢ Herder, Goethe, Humbolt, the Shlegel brothers, Shleiermacher †¢ translations of Homeric epics, the Greek tragedies and Shakespeare †¢ Emergence of the German tradition as opposed to the French †¢ strive for an independent literary culture Goethe: 3 stages of translation: 1) aquainted us the foreign language in his own terms (Luther Kings’s Bible) 2) French tradition – use of its own criteria, own rules. 3) The same idendity between source and target language. Eugene Nida. Formal equivalence – attention to the transfer of message, both form and content Dynamic / functional equivalence – seeks the closest natural equivalence for the source language message Principles: 1. making sense 2. conveying the spirit and manner of the original 3. having a natural and easy form of expression 4. producing a similar response †¢ 1. give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. †¢ 2. reproduce the style and manner of writing of the original. †¢ 3. have all the ease of the original composition. Nida’s equivalent effect criticized: †¢ too concerned with the word level †¢ difficult or impossible to achieve †¢ overly theological Nida differentiates between: †¢ Linguistic meaning. the meaningful relationship between words, phrases and sentences. †¢ Referential meaning. â€Å"the words as symbols which refer to objects, events, abstracts, relations† Methods: hierarchical structuring, componential analysis, semantic structure analysis †¢ Emotive meaning Toury? s norm theory: Defines social norms. Preliminary norm: concerned with translation policy. The initial norm: expressed through operational norms which direct actual decisions made during the translating process. Corpus studies †¢ Corpus – compurerized collection of documents †¢ A token – each word as it occurs †¢ A type – each different word The type-token ratio is a text? s lexical density(tihedus) Postcolonialism: †¢ Resist domination †¢ Emphasis on the impact and significance of translation in a context of political, military, economic and cultural power differentials (vahe) †¢ Is characterizied by hybridity (ristandumine) and self-reflection. English theory Early English translation of the Bible: John Wycliffe – published Bible’s English version (late 14th c). Tried to translate the meaning, but preserve its form. William Tyndale – 1525 Bible’s German version (Greek) The King James Bible 1611 Bible’s English version Early translations of the Bible in English †¢ Wycliffe Bible 1380-1384 revised by John Purvey in 1408 . Published Bible English version. Trying to translate the meaning but preserve its form (w-for-w) †¢ William Tyndale 1525 (w-for-w) †¢ Bishops Bible 1568. †¢ The King James Bible the Authorized Version 1604 -1611 John Dryden on translation: 1) metaphrase – word-for-word; 2) paraphrase – sense-for-sense 3)imitation – absolute freedom. Tytler 18th c: 1) translation should give source language complete context. 2) style and manner should be similar. 3) reader should see it as fluid as original text. Essays on the translations, self-standing thoughts on translations, artistic activity = transl. Edward Fitzgerald: Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam: Persian poetry, imperial attitude.  quatrain rhyme scheme: AABA Early theory and practice of translation in England: draws on two traditions: †¢ Classical Latin translation, from the Greek †¢ Early Christian Latin translation from the Scriptures, the Hebrew, Aramaic King Alfred (871-99) and his policy of translation. †¢ Augustine’s Soliloquies and Gregory’s Pastoral Care †¢ Gregory’s Dialogues †¢ Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People Benedictine reform a revival of monasticism, ?lfric’s homilies a need to educate the uneducated.

India China Relations A Perspective History Essay

India China Relations A Perspective History Essay The Sino Indian boundary has never been formally delimited. Historically no treaty or agreement on Sino-Indian Boundary has ever been signed between the Chinese Central Government and the Indian Government. Zhou En Lai, 23 Jan 1959. General 1. China as an emerging power generates fear, concern and mistrust among the countries across the globe including the USA. Its rapid economic growth, fuelling an equally rapid military modernisation coupled with enhancing trans border capabilities has sent wake up calls, particularly to the United States, Japan and India.  [1]  China is following a two pronged strategy of reassuring its neighbours of its peaceful intentions, even while pressing ahead with huge military expenditure. Now that China stands poised to emerge as a global power, the international community is uncertain about Chinas intentions, despite all the peace rhetoric that emanates from its political leaders and state organs. 2. An analysis of Indias relations with the Peoples Republic of China today must take into account the historical perspective ,differences in the global situation, domestic policies and perceived national security interests which set the 1950s and 2000s apart. In view of the diversity and range of issues which have engaged India and China, the India-China relationship could be described as a very complex engagement. India China Relations : Pre 1947 Phase 3. Prior to the independence, the leaders of the national liberation movement of both the countries deeply sympathised with their respective popular struggles to put an end to colonialism. During the Japanese attack on Manchuria province of China in 1931, not only China Day was observed in India, but a call was also given by the Indian nationalists for boycott of Japanese goods. In July 1940, Mao Dezong had written to Jawahar Lal Nehru, The emancipation of the Indian people and the Chinese will be the signal of the emancipation of all the downtrodden and oppressed. Relations:  Post  Independence 4. Indias view of China was to a great extent shaped by Nehrus ability to persuade the Indian elite to try and take an objective view of both the positive and negative aspects of Chinese nationalism. Some major events post independence are listed below:- (a) Diplomatic Recognition. India diplomatically recognised the peoples Republic of China on December 30, 1949. (b) 1954 Accords. The relations between India and China in the 1950s were very cordial. In 1954, the Chinese Premier, Mr. Zou En Lai visited India which led to the signing of two Accords as follows:- (i) India recognised Tibet as an integral part of China and considered it to be an autonomous region of China. (ii) The declaration of Panchsheel in the Joint Communiquà ©. The Panchsheel enshrined the five principles as follows: (aa) Respect for Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity of all States. (ab) Non-aggression. (ac) Non-interference in Territorial affairs. (ad) Equality and Mutuality. (ae) Peaceful Co-existence 5. The Tibet Problem. Tibet was briefly conquered by Mongols in the thirteenth century but otherwise came under Manchu control only in the eighteenth century. The British regarded Tibet as a buffer state, and, in the Shimla Conference of 1913, recognised Chinese suzerainty, but not sovereignty, over Tibet. This was never accepted by any Chinese government, but they could do little about it. In 1950, the PLA invaded Tibet to integrate it into the Chinese State.  [2]  In 1954, India recognised Tibet as an integral part of China and China undertook to respect the religious and cultural traditions of the Tibetans. In 1959, a rebellion took place against Chinese rule in Tibet, and the Dalai Lama fled to India with his followers. This large-scale influx of Tibet refugees into India headed by the   Dalai Lama led to heightening of tensions. The Chinese regarded the hosting of the Dalai Lama, Tibetan refugees and the government in exile as an obstacle to India China relations. The   1962   Conflict 6. India claimed that the McMahon Line demarcating   the Indo China   border was an internationally   recognised   boundary.  [3]  The   Chinese policy centred on re-negotiations and   delineation   of borders   where   no   treaty or agreement   existed.   The   differing positions   on   the status of the boundary   laid   the basis of the conflict. The Chinese attacked in North Eastern Frontier Area (NEFA) and Ladakh beginning from 20 October 1962 and occupied about 5000 square miles of the Indian Territory. China declared a unilateral ceasefire on 10 November 1962 and withdrew behind the McMahon Line in the NEFA Sector. However, it gained about 3000 square kms of Indian Territory, though, according to Chinese version, it does not occupy even a single inch of Indian Territory. Instead it asserts that more than 90000 square kms of the Chinese territory is still under Indian occupation.In 1962,the Indian Parliament passed a resolution to wage a n unending struggle till the recovery of Indian territory from China and it also forbade cessation of any occupied territory to China as part of any settlement. Relations after the War 7. Because of Indias close relations with the Soviet Union and her leadership of the non aligned movement, China saw India as a political rival in the Third World and constantly tried to denigrate it in various forums. The assistance extended to the insurgents by China was considered a serious issue by India. The rebel Nagas were given training in arms and provided with weapons and funds to carry on armed rebellion in India. In June 1967, two Chinese embassy officials in Delhi were arrested for espionage. In September 1967, China attacked Indian position at Nathu La and in October attacked another position at Cho La. In April 1968, manipulations were done again at Nathu La. Beginning of the New Era 8. Mr Rajiv Gandhis visit to China in December 1988 marked a turning point in the normalisation of relations between the two countries  [4]  . During this visit, the two states formally agreed to put aside their past differences and to rebuild   their relations on the basis of the five principles of Panchsheel. Both sides agreed to settle the border issue through mutual consultations through Joint Working Group(JWG), consisting of military experts, cartographers and foreign policy officials and pledged to   maintain   peace and   tranquillity   on   the border while taking   other   confidence building measures. Intensified political interactions, regular institutionalised negotiations on all issues of bilateral interest under the Joint Working Group framework begun in 1989, and the deepening of trade and other ties laid the regime of confidence and security building between the two countries.In 1993, the then prime minister Mr. Narasimha Rao visited China and bot h the sides agreed to force reduction on the border. 9. China showed no response to Indias nuclear tests on 11 May 1998 but reacted sharply after May 13 tests, when Vajpayees letter to Clinton was made public. It asked India to give up the programme and join NPT. Chinas claimed that its security concern increased due to the tests and now it will have to cater for nuclear India also.There had been deterioration in Indo-China relations after the conduct of nuclear tests by India. China adopted a. brazenly.partisan.attitude by terming Indias nuclear tests as outrageous but describing Pakistans nuclear tests as only regrettable.  [5]   10. Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayees Visit to China (June 2003). The visit by the then prime minister has been labeled as a new turning point in Indo- China relations.During the visit both the countries issued a joint declaration on Principles for Relations and Comprehensive Cooperation Between India and China in the future. The declaration rolled out a road map for friendship and cooperation. The key issues of the declaration are as under :- (a) Boundary Issue. The two sides agreed to appoint a Special Representative to explore from the political perspective of the overall bilateral relationship for the framework of a boundary settlement. India and China agreed to a three phase settlement of the border dispute as under:- (i) Phase I. The agreement on the Guiding Principles to settle the border dispute. (ii) Phase -II. The special representatives of the two sides to construct a framework based on the guiding principles. (iii) Phase -III. Apply this framework on the ground in a single package deal involving give and take, which will be worked on a political basis by the Special Representatives. (b) Tibet. The Indian Side stated that it recognises Tibet as a part of China and reiterated that it does not allow .Tibetans to engage in anti China political. activities. 11. Reopening of the Nathu La (06 July 2006). The Nathu La Pass used to be a part of the ancient Silk Route, a vital trade link between India and China, prior to its closure in 1962. During the visit of the former Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee in 2003 China recognised Sikkim as a constituent of India and signed a MoU to resume trade .Nathu La Pass reopened after 44 Years on 06 July 2006 when India and China formally inaugurated trade through the Nathu La Pass, linking Sikkim and the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR).  [6]  At present the border trade is limited to the border zone and the export list is restricted to 29 items of export for India and 15 items of export for China. 12. Chinese Prime Ministers Visit to India. The Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao visited India for three days with a 400 strong Chinese business delegation in December 2010. Indian and Chinese business institutions signed 50 deals worth $16 billion surpassing the $10 billion worth of agreements signed during the visit to US President Barack Obama in November 2010. Pending resolution of the stapled visa issue, for the first time India refused to include in the Joint Statement references to Chinese sovereignty in Tibet and One China that had been part of the past three summit level declarations. 13. India China Strategic and Economic Dialogue. The agreement to initiate the Strategic and Economic Dialogue (SED) was taken during the Chinese Premier Wen Jiabaos visit to India in December 2010.The first ever Strategic Economic Dialogue (SED) was held in Beijing on 26 September 2011.The objective of setting up the SED was to increase coordination on macro economic policies and to provide a platform for both countries to leverage common interests and shared developmental experiences. 14. Annual Defence Dialogue. The Annual Defence Dialogue (ADD) has added a positive note to Indo-China relations. The defence.dialogue was established under. the provisions. of the MoU for Exchanges and Cooperation in the field of Defence, signed between India and China in 2006. The first Annual Defence Dialogue was held in Beijing in 2007 followed by the second in Indian in 2008. The third meeting was held in Beijing in 2010. India and China held the Annual Defence Dialogue (ADD) in New Delhi on 09 December 2011. 15. Indias External Affairs Ministers Visit to China. Indias External Affairs Minister S.M. Krishna visited China on 08 February 2012. He inaugurated Indias new $10 million embassy, which was described as a new page in ties with China. India and China stressed for a flexible and imaginative approach in 2012 to bilateral relations to minimise the effect of persisting political irritants, like the border dispute and Tibet. According to Mr. Krishna, it was the Government of Indias position that the Tibet Autonomous Region was part of the Peoples Republic of China, and as a result of that India was dealing with the internal affairs of China and India would be very cautious.The Chinese Government appreciated the firm support of the Indian Government over the Tibet issue. Both the countries decided to mark 2012 as the year of Friendship and Cooperation. CURRENT MAJOR IRRITANTS IN INDIA-CHINA RELATIONS 16. Relations between India and China have improved considerably in the last nine to ten years. However, normalisation does not imply that divergences in the strategic perceptions between the two have suddenly converged or that conflicts of interests and differences of opinion on a range of issues have disappeared. Despite an improvement in India China relations, a number of issues emerge as irritants. The   Boundary and Territorial   Dispute 17. Refer figure 1. The border dispute can be traced.back to the Shimla Conference of 1914. When. the representatives of British India, Tibet and China met. It was decided in the Conference. that Tibet was an autonomous country and the McMahon Line would be the boundary between India and Tibet though Chinese sovereignty of some sort would extend over Tibet. At the. conference the representatives of India and Tibet signed the agreement, China did not, thus disputing the McMahon Line.Therefore,the McMahon Line in the East and the boundary (Aksai Chin) along Ladakh in the West .remained a boundary by usage and understanding. The result was that the exact boundary was not demarcated, leading to border skirmishes in 1962 and the Chinese penetration into the .Sumdorang Chu Valley of Arunachal Pradesh in 1986. Figure 1 18. The Main issues of the Border Dispute are as under  [7]  :- (a) Arunachal Pradesh. China refuses to recognise Arunachal Pradesh as part of India. China claims 90,000 square kilometres as their territory whuch is almost the whole of Arunachal Pradesh , calling it South Tibet. The border dispute is the legacy of the British colonial rule. The boundary is now known in both India and China as the Line of Actual Control (LAC). (b) Aksai Chin. India accuses China of occupying 38,000 square kilometres in Jammu and Kashmir,in the Aksai Chin region, north east of Ladakh. (c) Trans-Karakoram Tract. Under the Sino-Pakistan Boundary agreement of 1963, Pakistan illegally ceded 5,180 sq km of Indian territory (Trans-Karakoram tract) to China. The transfer is disputed by India as it is part of Jammu and Kashmir. 19. Indias position. In the West the border should remain at the 1959 position thus implying that it does not recognise Chinese claim over Aksai Chin. The northern borders of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim correspond to the McMahon Line and hence the boundary. India also states that China is occupying Indian territory since the 1962 conflict and also that the territory west of Karakoram in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK) legally belongs to India and has been illegally ceded by Pakistan to China. 20. Chinas Position. China claims 90,000 sq km, which is almost the entire state of Arunachal Pradesh.Occupies 38,000 sq km, which is Aksai Chin in Kashmir. Occupies 5,000 sq km of Shaksgam valley ceded to it by Pakistan in June 1963 and does not recognise the McMohan Line. 21. Talks to Resolve the Border Dispute. The meeting of the experts from both sides laid foundation for a dialogue by the Sino-Indian Joint Working Group (JWG), the apex body negotiating the final settlement of the border dispute. The agreement on confidence building Measures (CBMs) signed during the visit by the Chinese President to India in 1997 reiterates. the determination. of both sides to seek a fair, and mutually acceptable settlement of the boundary question. In the year 2000 Maps of middle sector were exchanged. In 2003 the Special Representatives were appointed after the then Prime Minister Vajpayees China visit.on 11 April 2005.An agreement on political parameters and guiding principles was signed which spelt out the three main territorial disputes i.e. Arunachal Pradesh, Aksai Chin Region and Trans-Karakoram. 22. 15th Round of Border Talks. The 15th round of Border Talks was held in New Delhi on 16 and 17 January 2012. Indias Special Representative for the talks was the National Security Adviser (NSA) Shivshankar Menon and Chinas Special Representative was Dai Bingguo, State Councillor. The border talks are currently in the second stage of negotiations, which involves agreeing upon a framework to settle the dispute. The first stage was concluded with an agreement on political parameters and guiding principles in 2005. The third and final stage would involve the specifics of delineating the border. During the talks both sides agreed to set up a working mechanism on border management to deal with important affairs related to maintaining peace and tranquillity in the border areas. The agreement to establish the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on the India-China Border Affairs would. Undertake. Tasks. that are mutually.agreed upon by the two sides, but would .not discuss. resolution of the Boundary dispute. The Working Mechanism would study ways and means to strengthen. exchanges. and cooperation. between military. personnel and establishments of the two sides in the border areas and would be headed by a Joint Secretary-level officer from the Ministry of External Affairs and a Director General level officer from the Chinese Foreign Ministry and would also comprise diplomatic and military officials of the two sides. Chinas Infrastructure development Along the Border 23. Defence Minister A.K. Antony told the Rajya Sabha on 14 December 2011, that India has taken a serious note of Chinese infrastructure development in the border regions opposite India in Tibet and Xinjiang Autonomous Regions. The infrastructure development included the Qinghai-Tibet railway line, with proposed extension up to Xigze and Nyingchi besides roads and airport facilities. In response the Indian Government was giving careful and special attention to the development of infrastructure in the border areas opposite China to meet Indias strategic and security requirements. China Objection to Indian Defence Ministers Visit to Arunachal Pradesh 24. In February 2012, the Defence Minister Mr. A.K. Antony visited Arunachal Pradesh to mark the 25th anniversary of its Statehood. China called on India to refrain from taking any action that could complicate the border dispute. The Defence Minister emphasised that, like Jammu and Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh was an integral part of India and as Defence Minister it was both his right and duty to visit the State and all other border States. Indias external affairs minister Mr S.M. Krishna said that Arunachal Pradesh was a part and parcel of India and all seven States in north-eastern India were part and parcel of India, and China had no rights to make adverse remarks on the Defence Ministers visit to Arunachal Pradesh. Chinas Development Activity in Pakistan occupied Kashmir  [8]   25. On 14 October 2009, India called upon China to stop developmental activities in areas illegally occupied by Pakistan.India was reacting to Chinas assurance to Pakistan of help in upgrading the Karakoram highway and building the Neelam-Jhelum hydro electric project in Pakistan occupied Kashmir (PoK). India noted that Pakistan had been illegally occupying parts of Jammu and Kashmir since 1947, and China was fully aware of Indias position and concerns about Chinese activities in PoK. India hoped that China would take a long term view of India-China relations and cease such activities in areas illegally occupied by Pakistan. Chinas presence in PoK has grown in recent years and it is currently involved in several infrastructure projects in the disputed region. 26. During the Russia-India-China Trilateral Summit in November 2010, Indian Foreign Minister S.M. Krishna told his Chinese counterpart Yang Jiechi that that just as India had been sensitive to its concerns over Tibet Autonomous Region and Taiwan, China too should be mindful of Indian sensitivities on Jammu and Kashmir. This was the first time India had drawn this parallel directly. The comparison was intended to emphasise the depth of Indias concerns over Chinese attempts to question the countrys sovereignty in Kashmir. 27. Chinas Stand. China said that it was a matter for India and Pakistan to resolve and that China had no reason to change its policies on Kashmir .The Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi said that China always believed that the problem of Jammu and Kashmir could only be resolved through dialogue and negotiations between India and Pakistan and that there was no need for China to change its policy. Sino-Pak Strategic Equation 28. Chinas elusive strategic equation with   Pakistan poses a hindrance to any substantive   improvement in   Indias   relations with China.The core of Sino-Pakistan ties comprises the transfer of military hardware and technology besides nuclear co-operation. Islamabad has been getting weapons at subsidised prices from China. The overt.and covert.military assistance by. China. to. Pakistan is the biggest impediment. in improving India-China relations. The Sino-Pakistan collusion in the nuclear field is seen as Chinas long term strategy in gaining supremacy over India. Status of Tibet and Dalai Lama 29. Despite the government of Indias acceptance of Chinese sovereignty over Tibet,  China   is still not satisfied. The main reason being that India has   given asylum   to Dalai Lama and has become a refuge for   disaffected Tibetans   fleeing   the country. China does   not   fully   accept Indias   stand that while India revered the Dalai Lama as a   Holy man and a spiritual leader, it would not allow him to engage   in any political activity on Indias soil. Beijing is suspicious of Indias continued willingness to host the Dalai Lama and his Tibetan Government in exile.  [9]  In November 2011, China postponed the 15th round of Border Talks with India over Dalai Lamas participation in a Buddhist conference that was scheduled to take place at the same time in New Delhi. China said that it was opposed to any country that provided a platform for the Dalai Lama and his anti-China activities. Issuing Stapled Visas to Indian Citizens Domiciled in Kashmir and Arunachal Pradesh  [10]   30. In October 2009, it came to light that the Chinese embassy in New Delhi had begun issuing visas to Indian passport holders from Jammu and Kashmir on a separate sheet of paper rather than stamping them in their passports as is the case with other Indian citizens.China has also issued stapled visas to the handful of Indian passport holders from Arunachal Pradesh. Analysts point out that the separate sheet visas for Kashmiris was seen by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) as an attempt by China to question the status of Jammu and Kashmir. The immigration authorities were told to treat any visa that was not stamped on a passport as invalid for the purpose of travel. India asked China not to discriminate against visa applications filed by its nationals on grounds of domicile and ethnicity.In January 2011, China again issued stapled visas to two Indian sportsmen from Arunachal Pradesh. India again unequivocally conveyed to China that a uniform practice of issuance of visa to Indian nationals must be followed regardless of the applicants ethnicity or place of domicile. India strongly conveyed that it would not accept anything that questions the status of Jammu and Kashmir and Arunachal Pradesh which were an integral part of India. On 06 January 2012, India cancelled the visit by a military delegation to China after one of its members, an Indian Air Force (IAF) officer from Arunachal Pradesh was denied visa by China. Bilateral Trade Imbalance in Favour of China 31. As the bilateral trade between India and China touched $60 billion in 2011, China enjoyed a trade surplus of $24 billion in 2011.The widening trade imbalance has been a source of concern, especially because trade has emerged as the key to bilateral relations amid persisting political uncertainties.The record trade imbalance has raised questions on the sustainability of the relationship.India has stressed that China should open up its economy for more exports from India. Indian exporters could explore getting access to Chinas markets in information technology, pharmaceuticals, agriculture and allied products.Both the countries have agreed to a strategic economic dialogue to enhance macro-economic policy coordination and address challenges in economic development and cooperation.China agreed to take measures to promote greater Indian exports to China with a view to reduce Indias trade deficit.China agreed to gradually resolve the problems faced in China by Indian pharmaceuticals, I nformation Technology and agricultural products. 32. Much diplomatic water has flowed under the bridge of Sino-Indian relations since 1962 and we need to take a pragmatic view of it. Such a view needs to be informed by an appreciation of the several common features that India and China share as civilisational entities which are trying to cope with modernisation of their traditional societies, on the one hand, and the process of integrating with the international system, on the other. China is not only an important civilisation out there, it is Indias largest neighbour right here.  [11]  Thus, there is a need for making independent assessments of Chinas capabilities and intentions rather than borrowed judgments made from different strategic viewpoints.

Marx’s Views on Religion vs. My Own Essay -- Psychology Religion Essay

Marx’s Views on Religion vs. My Own Karl Marx wrote that religion was, â€Å"an opiate of the people.† Although those words were not published in The German Ideology, they best describe his various views on religion. Marx wrote that there was a social relationship between the upper class or bourgeoisie and religion. The upper class that owned the means of production used religion as a tool to keep the working class or proletariat, oppressed and poor. Marx criticized that religion had so many ulterior motives that there was no actual spiritual meaning. He argued that religion existed because of the state of society and its class struggles. The existence of religion also helped limit or avoid change in society. Marx also believed that religion stripped us of our true humanity. â€Å"It is self-evident, moreover, that "specters", "bonds", "the higher being", "concept", "scruple", are merely the idealistic, spiritual expression, the conception apparently of the isolated individual, the image of very empirical fetters and limitations, within which the mode of production of life and the form of intercourse coupled with it move (51).† God or any higher power was something invented to deposit fear into. God was something to blame for our own inefficiencies and failures. He also wrote that humans give too much credit to God for their own accomplishments. Marx viewed everything as a human invention. The struggle between the working class and ruling class along with capitalism i...

Social Movements Compartion Essay -- Sociology

Introduction Why is it that specific movements succeed in broadening the scope and scales of the struggle, whereas other do not? Given the dearth of resources at their disposal, social movements see to attract the attention, empathy, and support of third parties, as a way to balance the unfavorable asymmetric power structure in which they are situated. The importance of expanding the scope of contention and attracting supporters become even more critical in cases of ethnic driven movements, given the nature of their goals and the frequency with which restrictions are imposed on their collective sentiments by the state. Globalization and the Battle of Seattle Globalization describes what a number of people perceive as a fundamental change in the conditions of human life. Just what has changed and how it has changed, however, are matters of great contention. Nonetheless, current writing on globalization focuses on some specific trends that appear to have pushed the sources and implications of social action beyond state borders. Recent transformations in transportation and communications technologies have altered our sense of distance, radically compressing time and space. Territorial states have apparently lost some of their capacities to establish order or mediate change within their borders. The number and power of intergovernmental institutions and multinational corporations have grown remarkably. The communications media are increasingly global in both their reference and their reach, and the media also help provide resources in the building of transnational epistemic communities of immigrants or like-minded activists. Social movements ride the waves of these global processes and formations; in turn, they begin to define ne... .... (1997). Arab national communism in the Jewish state. Gainesville, FL: Florida University Press Keck, Margaret, and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.. Landau, J. (1991). The Arab minority in Israel, 1967– 1991: Political aspects. New York: Oxford University Press. Lustick, I. (1980b). Arabs in the Jewish State: A study in the effective control of a minority population. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. Neuberger, B. (1993). The Arab minority in Israeli politics 1948-1992: From marginality to influence. Asian and Africa Studies, 27, 149-169 Peoples’ Global Action. 2000. â€Å"Worldwide Resistance Roundup: Newsletter ‘Inspired by’ Peoples’ Global Action.† London. UN Development Programme. 2000. Human development report 2000: Overcoming human poverty. New York: UNCP

Solar Energy Informative Speech

Heather Smith Informative Outline Michelle Talasis Topic: Solar Energy General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose:To inform the uses of Solar Energy to my audience. Thesis:When all of our natural fossil fuels are low or gone, solar energy will be one of the leading sources of energy that we will need in the future. Introduction Attention Getter: Natural fossil fuels, such as coal used for burning, oil used for gasoline, and natural gas used to heat and warm houses, are a threat to the Earth and everything in it. Fossil fuels pollute the air and they are non-renewable and non-recyclable.We need different energy sources that are renewable and recyclable for our future existence. Unlike fossil fuels, solar energy is renewable and recyclable. When all of our natural fossil fuels are scare or gone, solar energy will be one of the leading sources of energy that we will need in the future. With all of the technology we have today, we can develop different ways to use and harness these ener gy sources. Reason to Listen:Solar energy is making a big impact on lives today all over the world. The development of solar energy in all ways and technologies is making our world a cleaner, safer, and less dependent nation.A. Thesis Statement: When all of our natural fossil fuels are low or gone, solar energy will be one of the leading sources of energy that we will need in the future. B. Credibility Statement: My dad is an electrician that puts up solar energy plants for businesses. I had to research for this paper. C. Preview of Main Points: 1. First I will explain solar energy technology and how it can be used in houses. 2. Next, I will explain the uses of solar energy and how it will be helpful saving water. 3. Finally, I will explain the unique uses of solar energy in transportation and military weapons. II. Body A.People have created new technologies for others to use in their homes, vehicles or buildings. 1. One of the technologies that people have created to be energy effi cient is the photovoltaic cells or â€Å"solar cells† which use sunlight and convert it into electricity automatically. PVs can be used in anything from watches to an electric grid. They can also be used to provide energy to places where power lines cannot be attached to buildings. â€Å"Thermal technologies use the heat from the sun and use it directly in space or water heating in homes and buildings or it is directly converted into electricity,† says Fischer and Finnell.Thermal technologies are also used for agriculture needs that farmer’s livestock or crops require. With solar energy being used in electrical, heating, and transportation applications, the idea for an energy efficient house would be more probable. Energy efficient improvements can cut energy costs by over 40% in most affordable housing. They help reduce health risks from mold, dust mites, radon, and combustion by-products and other contaminants. These houses have less condensation, and better m oisture control and temperature. These energy improvements usually cost less than the savings they offer on utility bills.Increasing the value of a home is a great investment-paying high energybills are not. Transition:Now that I have discussed new solar technologies that people use in their homes, and for electricity, I will now explain the uses of solar energy in water. A. Solar power has helped with electricity and heat, but it can also help with the growing need for fresh water. 1. â€Å"Instead of using fossil fuels and electricity to desalinate water, engineers at the University of Florida have developed a system that uses a gravity-induced vacuum and solar energy. † (â€Å"Here Comes the Sun†) The desalination of water is the same process as nature. . A U-shaped pipe is place in two different containers, one side in salt water and the other in fresh water. ii. A vacuum is then surrounded by a circulator that heats the saltwater and the salt water is then evapora ted. iii. The evaporated steam is then condensed and finally the fresh water drips down into a tank. This system have been proved to be 90% efficient, while the solar â€Å"stills† only proved to be 50% efficient. Water has been desalinized by solar power for more efficient and inexpensive drinking water and fresh water supply, but it is also being detoxified by solar power for other usages around the house.Detoxification of water by solar power has proved to be one of the most promising methods to disinfect water, an earth-friendly operation and it does not create harmful emissions. â€Å"One way was ZED or Zero Effluent Discharge,† says Inamdar and Singh. i. ZED disposed of inadequately cleaned waste water that is contaminating fresh water resources, the waste water will recycle water properly if it is forced to generate fresh water from the waste water generated by them, and it is economical to use recycled water than to pay for consuming fresh water and wasting was te water.Transition:Now that we have learned the uses of solar energy in water, I will explain the uses solar energy in military weapons and transportation. Solar power is being used for disinfecting water and electricity, but for transportation and military weapons? 1. Solar power has been used in cruise boats and ferries. â€Å"The first boat that used solar power was in Australian waters that won a contract to build another ferry to carry passengers between San Francisco Harbor and Alcatraz Island,† explains Thwaites, a science writer and broadcaster in Australia. i.The guy who built the solar powered boat is Robert Dane. ii. He wanted to build a boat that was powered by solar power and wind power. iii. He called it the Solar Sailor, which has an electric motor they can power to drive the propeller properly, meaning the boat will be more efficient and easy to move and back up without stalling them. Solar Sailor technology also helped the Navy create UOVs or Unmanned Ocean Vehicles. i. These vehicles could be used to collect data for climate research, ocean exploration, offshore oil exploration and production and even surveillance of pipelines and telecommunications.Solar power is also being used in the US Military and even some weapons too. â€Å"The US Military have installed black and blue solar panels to use in solar-powered battlefield radios and even in tents with solar panels woven into their fabric to power military equipment,† says John Naish, an environmental campaigner. The solar panels are also being used for sensors and radars, which saves troops from being predictable targets when they regularly refuel generators. I. Conclusion Review of Main Points: Today, I explained how solar energy technology can be used in houses.Second, I discussed the uses of solar energy and how it will be helpful saving water. Finally, I talked about the unique uses of solar energy in transportation and military weapons. Restate Thesis:When all of our nat ural fossil fuels are low or gone, solar energy will be one of the leading sources of energy that we will need in the future. Closure: If we don’t continue to develop different ways and technology to lessen our needs on all of our natural fossil fuels, water, natural gas, and the environment, we will soon be living in our own human and mechanical waste.

Hinduism and Buddhism vs. Confucianism and Taoism Essay

Hinduism is, some would say, the world’s most ancient and sprawling religion. Its scriptures and teachings are voluminous and wide-ranging, addressing everything from science and history to philosophy, art and, of course, spirituality. Comparatively speaking, the Hindu teachings are uniquely inclusive rather than exclusive. One of its early Vedas openly recognizes the universality of the spiritual path: â€Å"Truth is one; sages call it by different names.† As in Buddhism, Hinduism stresses the necessity of letting go our compulsive attachment to, and fascination with, the ego or the self, so that we can realize The Self, or selflessness. The differences in supreme beings between Hinduism and Buddhism show two extremes of the same idea. Hinduism believes in one Supreme Being, but separates its characteristics into many different Gods. Everything is a part of the Supreme Being. Buddhism sees the individual’s thought and nature as supreme, and therefore does not ha ve a single God, and so turns inward instead of outward. Similarities between views of man and nature greatly show the progression from Hinduism to Buddhism as the same ideas of everything being one and the same are expressed in different contexts. Both religions are also similarly based on attaining certain knowledge in order to reach salvation or Nirvana. Taoism and Confucianism have to be seen side-by-side as two distinct responses to the social, political and philosophical conditions of life two and a half millennia ago in China. Whereas Confucianism is greatly concerned with social relations, conduct and human society, Lao Tzu emphasized the need to look beyond the promises and treaties of human beings for a source of peace and contentment; and he urged to return to nature’s way, that is, a simple and harmonious life. Chuang Tzu developed Taoism emphasizing on the natural way as opposed to the artificial and contrived way of persons. The Tao is similar to the Christian God in that is omnipresent and all powerful. It is also an impersonal, impartial force, however, much like â€Å"the force† of George Lucas’ Star Wars. Tao means, more or less, â€Å"the way of things,† both material and immateria l, not dissimilar to the Buddhist term dharma. Taoism centers upon the absolute necessity, uniqueness, pervasiveness and indefinable elusiveness of this peculiar â€Å"way.† The following passage from the Tao Te Ching is a typical description of the Tao. â€Å"The Tao that can be told is not the eternal Tao. The name that can be named is not the eternal name.† Confucius thought that the problems of his time originated from  sovereign power used without moral principle. To cure this problem, he urged that the government should be administered for the benefit of all the people; and this is possible if the government officials were of the highest personal integrity and cared about the people as much as they did about themselves. (Do unto others as you would have them do unto you). 3. Perfection can be realized by following the inner Way (Tao) of nature. Tao is manifested in the workings of nature, for what individual things possess of Tao is the te, or function, of Tao. Tao, as a source, provides for the very existence of beings, but the function of Tao provides for their distinctness. Nonaction (wu-wei) is what things inherit from Tao as their function. â€Å"Tao invariably takes no action, and yet there is nothing left undone.† Non (artificial) action is letting things be accomplished in a natural and spontaneous way. The word â€Å"jen† means ‘virtue,’ ‘benevolence,’ ‘true humanhood,’ ‘moral character,’ ‘love,’ ‘human goodness,’ and ‘human-heartedness’. What makes us human is a matter of feeling as well as thinking; Chinese emphasize on the heart, rather than the reason, as the central feature of human nature. To realize jen, guides to action in everyday life are needed. Confucius found these guides in the rules of li (propriety). Li governs customs, ceremonies, and relationships established by human practice over the ages; and jen is realized through li. Jen is the ground of li; what makes li a standard of conduct is the fact that it is in accord with jen. Customs and regulations not in accord with jen are not really li. By li, we tame our unruly impulses and transform them into civilized expressions of human nature: that is, li is the means by which our humanity (jen) can be evoked and developed. â€Å"†¦ Li is the principle by which the ancient kings embodied the laws of heaven†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The word â€Å"li† means propriety in everything: moral discipline in personal conduct, the general principle of the social order, ritual and ceremony, a system of social relationships with definite attitudes toward one another, love in the parents, filial piety in the children, respect in the younger brothers, friendliness in the elder brothers, loyalty among friends, respect for authority among subjects, and benevolence in rulers.

Canterville Ghost Chapter 1 Summary Essay

When Mr. Hiram B. Otis, the American Minister, bought Canterville Chase, every one told him he was doing a very foolish thing, as there was no doubt at all that the place was haunted. Indeed, Lord Canterville himself, who was a man of the most punctilious honour, had felt it his duty to mention the fact to Mr. Otis when they came to discuss terms. ‘We have not cared to live in the place ourselves,’ said Lord Canterville, ‘since my grand-aunt, the Dowager Duchess of Bolton, was frightened into a fit, from which she never really recovered, by two skeleton hands being placed on her shoulders as she was dressing for dinner, and I feel bound to tell you, Mr. Otis, that the ghost has been seen by several living members of my family, as well as by the rector of the parish, the Rev. Augustus Dampier, who is a Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge. After the unfortunate accident to the Duchess, none of our younger servants would stay with us, and Lady Canterville often got very little sleep at night, in consequence of the mysterious noises that came from the corridor and the library.’ ‘My Lord,’ answered the Minister, ‘I will take the furniture and the ghost at a valuation. I come from a modern country, where we have everything that money can buy; and with all our spry young fellows painting the Old World red, and carrying off your best actors and prima-donnas, I reckon that if there were such a thing as a ghost in Europe, we’d have it at home in a very short time in one of our public museums, or on the road as a show.’ ‘I fear that the ghost exists,’ said Lord Canterville, smiling, ‘though it may have resisted the overtures of your enterprising impresarios. It has been well known for three centuries, since 1584 in fact, and always makes its appearance before the death of any member of our family.’ ‘Well, so does the family doctor for that matter, Lord Canterville. But there is no such thing, sir, as a ghost, and I guess the laws of Nature are not going to be suspended for the British aristocracy.’ ‘You are certainly very natural in America,’ answered Lord Canterville, who did not quite understand Mr. Otis’ last observation, ‘and if you don’t mind a ghost in the house, it is all right. Only you must remember I warned you.’ A few weeks after this, the purchase was concluded, and at the close of the season the Minister and his family went down to Canterville Chase. Mrs. Otis, who, as Miss Lucretia R. Tappan, of West 53rd Street, had been a celebrated New York belle, was now a very handsome, middle-aged woman, with fine eyes, and a superb profile. Many American ladies on leaving their native land adopt an appearance of chronic ill-health, under the impression that it is a form of European refinement, but Mrs. Otis had never fallen into this error. She had a magnificent constitution, and a really wonderful amount of animal spirits. Indeed, in many respects, she was quite English, and was an excellent example of the fact that we have really ev erything in common with America nowadays, except, of course, language. Their eldest son, christened Washington by his parents in a moment of patriotism, which he never ceased to regret, was a fair-haired, rather good-looking young man, who had qualified himself for American diplomacy by leading the German at the Newport Casino for three successive seasons, and even in London was well known as an excellent dancer. Gardenias and the peerage were his only weaknesses. Otherwise he was extremely sensible. Miss Virginia E. Otis was a little girl of fifteen, lithe and lovely as a fawn, and with a fine freedom in her large blue eyes. She was a wonderful amazon, and had once raced old Lord Bilton on her pony twice round the park, winning by a length and a half, just in front of the Achilles statue, to the huge delight of the young Duke of Cheshire, who proposed for her on the spot, and was sent back to Eton that very night by his guardians, in floods of tears. After Virginia came the twins, who were usually called ‘The Stars and Stripes,’ as they we re always getting swished. They were delightful boys, and with the exception of the worthy Minister the only true republicans of the family. As Canterville Chase is seven miles from Ascot, the nearest railway station, Mr. Otis had telegraphed for a waggonette to meet them, and they started on their drive in high spirits. It was a lovely July evening, and the air was delicate with the scent of the pinewoods. Now and then they heard a wood pigeon brooding over its own sweet voice, or saw, deep in the rustling fern, the burnished breast of the pheasant. Little squirrels peered at them from the beech-trees as they went by, and the rabbits scudded away through the brushwood and over the mossy knolls, with their white tails in the air. As they entered the avenue of Canterville Chase, however, the sky became suddenly overcast with clouds, a curious stillness seemed to hold the atmosphere, a great flight of rooks passed silently over their heads, and, before they reached the house, some big drops of rain had fallen. S tanding on the steps to receive them was an old woman, neatly dressed in black silk, with a white cap and apron. This was Mrs. Umney, the housekeeper, whom Mrs. Otis, at Lady Canterville’s earnest request, had consented to keep on in her former position. She made them each a low curtsey as they alighted, and said in a quaint, old-fashioned manner,’I bid you welcome to Canterville Chase.’ Following her, they passed through the fine Tudor hall into the library, a long, low room, panelled in black oak, at the end of which was a large stained-glass window. Here they found tea laid out for them, and, after taking off their wraps, they sat down and began to look round, while Mrs. Umney waited on them. Suddenly Mrs. Otis caught sight of a dull red stain on the floor just by the fireplace and, quite unconscious of what it really signified, said to Mrs. Umney, I am afraid something has been spilt there. ‘Yes, madam,’ replied the old housekeeper in a low voice, ‘blood has been spilt on that spot.’ ‘How horrid,’ cried Mrs. Otis; ‘I don’t at all care for bloodstains in a sitting-room. It must be removed at once.’ The old woman smiled, and answered in the same low, mysterious voice, ‘It is the blood of Lady Eleanore de Canterville, who was murdered on that very spot by her own husband, Sir Simon de Canterville, in 1575. Sir Simon survived her nine years, and disappeared suddenly under very mysterious circumstances. His body has never been discovered, but his guilty spirit still haunts the Chase. The blood-stain has been much admired by tourists and others, and cannot be removed.’ ‘That is all nonsense,’ cried Washington Otis; ‘Pinkerton’s Champion Stain Remover and Paragon Detergent will clean it up in no time,’ and before the terrified housekeeper could interfere he had fallen upon his knees, and was rapidly scouring the floor with a small stick of what looked like a black cosmetic. In a few moments no trace of the blood-stain could be seen. ‘I knew Pinkerton would do it,’ he exclaimed triumphantly, as he looked round at his admiring family; but no sooner had he said these words than a terrible flash of lightning lit up the sombre room, a fearful peal of thunder made them all start to their feet, and Mrs. Umney fainted. ‘What a monstrous climate!’ said the American Minister calmly, as he lit a long cheroot. ‘I guess the ol d country is so over-populated that they have not enough decent weather for everybody. I have always been of opinion that emigration is the only thing for England. ‘My dear Hiram,’ cried Mrs. Otis, ‘what can we do with a woman who faints?’ ‘Charge it to her like breakages,’ answered the Minister; ‘she won’t faint after that;’ and in a few moments Mrs. Umney certainly came to. There was no doubt, however, that she was extremely upset, and she sternly warned Mr. Otis to beware of some trouble coming to the house. ‘I have seen things with my own eyes, sir,’ she said,’that would make any Christian’s hair stand on end, and many and many a night I have not closed my eyes in sleep for the awful things that are done here.’ Mr. Otis, however, and his wife warmly assured the honest soul that they were not afraid of ghosts, and, after invoking the blessings of Providence on her new master and mistress, and making arrangements for an increase of salary, the old housekeeper tottered off to her own room. FROM: Wikisource. Excerpt from The Canterville Ghost, by Oscar Wilde. 1- Try and find as many words as you can from the â€Å"ghost / supernatural† semantic field: any word or phrase that has the same root or that is related to it. Organize your findings in a grid. Ghost semantic field Reality / down-to-earth semantic field 2- Write their translations, explain the differences of meaning. 3- Try and find the meaning of the following words / phrases: Foolish Punctilius Duty Unfortunate To reckon For that matter Purchase Refinement Worthy 4- Use them in a sentence. 5- What could a â€Å"fawn† be? (In the saying: â€Å"lovely as a fawn†) 6- Discuss with a partner what you know about Oscar Wilde. Write a short summary of what you both know. 7- Using the title, guess what the story might be about. Which type of story do you expect it to be? 8- Imagine a story. Be creative! 9- Prepare 6 guesses: what do you think the story is going to deal with? 10- Prepare 6 questions to which you would like to find an answer in the first chapter. 11- Write 10 words you expect to find in the extract. 12- Imagine a short summary of the story using these words. 13- Discuss it with your partner. Read the first paragraph of the story and answer the following questions: 1- What do we learn at the beginning of the story? 2- List all the information you are given about the main characters. 3- What do the following expressions refer to? â€Å"The Stars and Stripes† The Minister â€Å"She† won’t faint after that (end of the chapter). The old housekeeper 4- Can you infer the meaning and word-class (for instance adjective, noun, verb, preposition†¦) of the following words & phrases? Indeed Aristocracy Middle-aged Ill-health 5- Compare the description of the British Aristocracy (Lord Canterville) with that of the modern Americans. 6- What can you infer from these descriptions & their reactions? 7- Write 10 key-words you read. 8- Write a short summary of the story using those words and some connectors. (at least 5) 9- Check if you found the words you thought might appear in the text and tick the correct ones. 10- Try and answer your questions. 11- Prepare 6 more questions (& the answers to your questions) to ask your friends. 12- Pick out 5 verbs from the text and describe their forms (tense, active or passive voice†¦) and decide why this particular tense was chosen. Answer the following questions: 1- Who will be the main characters in your opinion? 2- What do you learn about them? (Draw a grid.) Character Actions Personality Interesting facts 3- Where does the story unfold? When? 4- What is the excerpt really about? 5- Did you enjoy it or not? Why? 6- Which type of short story is it? 7- In which ways is it different from usual ghost stories? 8- What must have been the author’s goal? 9- Do you think the story is a success? Why (not)? 10- Let’s list the key phrases & words from the text: (To be learnt for next lesson): To do a very foolish thing There was no doubt that†¦ To be haunted Duty To discuss terms Skeleton Mysterious noises To get very little sleep at night Furniture To be enterprising To warn someone Otherwise 11- Add some which you did not know. (at least 3) 1- Write a summary of the first chapter. 2- Write a story using the title â€Å"The (name of your school) ghost†. It must be a mock ghost story, a parody. The best story (the most interesting, the most creative, the funniest†¦.) will be selected by the class. 3- Make a poster about Oscar Wilde. 4- Prepare a talk on Oscar Wilde’s main novels, plays, short stories. 5- Learn the vocabulary. 6- Imagine a sequel to the story (the following chapters). 7- Imagine another title for the story. 8- Which type of stories do you enjoy most? Why? 9- Sum up your favourite story for the class. Try and find as many words as you can from the â€Å"ghost / supernatural† semantic field: any word or phrase that has the same root or that is related to it. Ghost semantic field Reality / down-to-earth semantic field Haunted Frightened into a fit Skeleton Ghost Several living members of my family Unfortunate accident Mysterious noises 1584 Makes its appearance before the death of any member of our family Curious stillness Red stain Blood has been spilt Guilty spirit To discuss terms As she was dressing for dinner Got very little sleep at night â€Å"that is all nonsense† Try and find the meaning of the following words / phrases: Foolish (= stupid) fool (noun) + -ish (ïÆ'   adjective) = adjective Punctilius (=Strictly attentive to minute details of form in action or conduct. See synonyms at meticulous/ Precise; scrupulous.) = adjective Duty (= what you are supposed to do) = noun Unfortunate ( = Characterized by undeserved bad luck; unlucky / Causing misfortune; disastrous) Un- (prefix) + fortune (noun) + -ate (ïÆ'   adjective) = adjective To reckon (=To consider as being; regard as / To think or assume.) Verb (informal) For that matter (=as far as that is concerned) = phrase (preposition + quantifier + noun) Purchase (= something you buy) = noun Refinement (= 1. The act of refining. 2. The result of refining; an improvement or elaboration. 3. The state or quality of being refined; cultivation, as in manners or taste. 4. A keen or precise phrasing; a subtle distinction.) = noun (to refine, verb + suffix –ment ïÆ'   noun) Worthy ( = 1. Having worth, merit, or value; useful or valuable. 2. Honorable; admirable: a worthy fellow. 3. Having sufficient worth; deserving: worthy to be revered; worthy of acclaim.) = worth (noun) + suffix –y (ïÆ'   adjective) = adjective. Use them in a sentence. This was a very foolish reaction! Paul has always been extremely punctilius in all matters. This is your duty. You don’t have a choice. This unfortunate accident proved that the house was not safe at all. I reckon I saw the ghost this morning. I don’t believe in ghosts myself for that matter. What a lovely purchase! One of his best qualities is the refinement of his language. He is not worthy of you! What could a â€Å"fawn† be? Like the deer and the stag, the fawn exercised great power over the early Celtic imagination. The Eacute;rainn King Lugaid Laà ­gde pursued a fawn, probably a divine personification of Ireland itself. Aige and Sadb were transformed into fawns. Donn mac Midir used yet another woman transformed into a fawn to lure Fionn mac Cumhaill and his men. But some fawns are male, like Fionn’s son Oisà ­n, whose name is still the Irish word for fawn. The fawn appears to be an antecedent of the stag in the Perceval legend. (Adapted from answer.com) Discuss with a partner what you know about Oscar Wilde. Oscar Fingal O’Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900) was an Irish playwright, poet and author of numerous short stories and one novel. Known for his biting wit, he became one of the most successful playwrights of the late Victorian era in London, and one of the greatest celebrities of his day. Several of his plays continue to be widely performed, especially The Importance of Being Earnest. As the result of a widely covered series of trials, Wilde suffered a dramatic downfall and was imprisoned for two years hard labour after being convicted of â€Å"gross indecency† with other men. After Wilde was released from prison he set sail for Dieppe by the night ferry. He never returned to Ireland or Britain Adapted from: Wikipedia. Using the title, guess what the story might be about. Which type of story do you expect it to be? It will certainly be a ghost story, a gothic story. Prepare 6 guesses: what do you think the story is going to deal with? (Use modals!!!) It might be about †¦ This story may deal with a cranky old ghost. It could tell the story of a †¦ Prepare 6 questions to which you would like to find an answer in the first chapter. Is the ghost scary? How do the inhabitants feel about it? What is going to happen to the main characters? What did the ghost to be forced to haunt a house? What can he do to rest in peace at long last? Who represents evil, who represents good? Write 10 words you expect to find in the extract. To haunt, to be haunted, to be scared to death, to scream, to howl, to be afraid, to run away, to hide, to moan, to cry. Imagine a short summary of the story using these words. There was once a huge haunted castle in which the inhabitants kept being scared to death by a moaning ghost who kept rattling his chains & howling at night. The poor inhabitants kept crying, screaming, running away from him but there was no escaping him so they had to hide and then to move out at last. Read the first paragraph of the story and answer the following questions: What do we learn at the beginning of the story? (1st paragraph) 2 characters are introduced: Mr Hiram Otis, an American Minister who has bought Canterville Chase and Lord canterville, an English aristocrat. Lord Canterville has told Mr Otis that the place was haunted. List all the information you are given about the main characters. Mr Otis is American. Lord Canterville is English and an aristocrat. He is a man of most punctilius honour and does not hide from his buyer that the castle is haunted. What do the following expressions refer to? â€Å"The Stars and Stripes† (= the twins) The Minister (= Mr Otis) â€Å"She† won’t faint after that (end of the chapter). (= Mrs Umney) The old housekeeper (= Mrs Umney) Can you infer the meaning and word-class (for instance adjective, noun, verb, preposition†¦) of the following words & phrases? Indeed (link-word) 1. Without a doubt; certainly: very cold indeed; was indeed grateful. 2. In fact; in reality: felt sure I’d win, and indeed I did. Aristocracy (noun, aristocrat + suffix –y) 1. A hereditary ruling class; nobility. 2. a. Government by a ruling class. b. A state or country having this form of government. 3. a. Government by the citizens deemed to be best qualified to lead. b. A state having such a government. 4. A group or class considered superior to others. Middle-aged (noun + verb + -ed, ïÆ'   adjective) Of or relating to middle age: middle-aged parents; middle-aged interests. Ill-health (adjective + noun ïÆ'   noun) Poor health; sickness. Compare the description of the British Aristocracy (Lord Canterville) with that of the modern Americans. What can you infer from these descriptions & their reactions? Lord Canterville is a man of punctilius honor whereas Mr Otis mocks the English and is quite derogatory when he mentions that money can buy anything, that the Americans would have bought ghosts if there were such things. Write 10 key-words you read. Ghost, haunted, skeleton, nonsense, to faint, honest soul, frightened, modern country, old-fashioned, be scared. Write a short summary of the story using those words and some connectors. Canterville Chase is haunted by a ghost who had been scaring the British aristocracy for 300 years when it was bought by an American Minister who keeps comparing America, a modern country to Great Britain, an old-fashioned nation. Moreover, Mr. Otis is not afraid of the ghost. On the contrary, he doubts its existence. It’s nonsense according to his son, Washington. Later in the chapter his son even goes so far as removing a blood stain and that makes the old housekeeper, an honest soul, faint. She is afraid of the ghost and of skeletons. Pick out 5 verbs from the text and describe their forms (tense, active or passive voice†¦) and decide why this particular tense was chosen. â€Å"When Mr. Hiram B. Otis, the American Minister, bought Canterville Chase† = past simple, used for a finished time. â€Å"every one told him he was doing a very foolish thing† = past continuous, used for a finished time but when we insist on the activity, its duration, when we give our opinion on the sentence (when we comment upon it). â€Å"We have not cared to live in the place ourselves† = present perfect, used when there is a connection with the present time, with â€Å"now† (indeed, nobody is living now at Canterville Chase, it’s still true). â€Å"lady canterville often got very little sleep at night† = past simple, used for a finished time + narrative tense. â€Å"I fear that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  = present simple, â€Å"fear†: you fear when you say it (then the present simple is used). Answer the following questions: Who will be the main characters in your opinion? Mr. Otis & his family (Washington seems quite enterprising), the ghost. What do you learn about them? (Draw a grid.) Character Actions Personality Interesting facts Mr. Otis Talks about America in a very proud way Insulting (without meaning to), proud Does not believe in ghosts Washington Removes the blood stain practical Is trying to defeat the ghost from the start Lord Canterville Tells Mr. otis about the ghost Frank, kind Tries to warn the family Where does the story unfold? When? In Great Britain, at the end of the 19th century (1584 + 300 = 1884). What is the excerpt really about? It’s about American & British values. Money vs tradition. Which type of short story is it? It is the parody of a ghost story. In which ways is it different from usual ghost stories? There’s a gothic castle but the new owners are not scared to death. They even doubt the ghost’s existence! What must have been the author’s goal? Criticism. Write a summary of the first chapter. ïÆ'   Mr. Otis, an American Minister, buys a property in England called Canterville Chase, against the advice of his friends and the owner himself, Lord Canterville, who assures him that it is haunted. Lord Canterville’s family has chosen not to live there because of the ghost. His grandaunt never recovered from her fright caused by two skeleton hands grabbing her shoulders. Mr. Otis says that he does not believe there is such a thing as a ghost, and says he will take the house and the ghost if it does indeed come with it. Lord Canterville replies that the ghost’s existence has been well known since 1584, and always appears before the death of a member of his family. A few weeks later, when the purchase is complete, the family moves into Canterville Chase. Mr. Otis is accompanied by his wife, who is a good-looking woman of good health, and their four children. The eldest is a son named Washington, a handsome, sensible young man who is also good at dancing. Virginia is the only daughter, and is fifteen years old. She is â€Å"lithe and lovely† and an accomplished rider. She even beat the young Duke of Cheshire in a race, and he was so impressed by her he proposed to her. The youngest children are the twins, otherwise known as the â€Å"stars and stripes† because they are always being switched for their mischievousness. The Otises have a lovely drive to their new property, seeing squirrels, rabbits and birds along the way. However, as they approach Canterville Chase, the sky becomes dark, and everything is very still. The housekeeper, Mrs. Umney, greets them and tells them about the bloodstain on the library floor when asked by Mrs. Otis. She tells them that the stain mysteriously cannot be removed, and is the blood of Lady Eleanore de Canterville who was murdered there by here husband, Sir Simon, in 1575. Sir Simon lived for another nine years, but then mysteriously disappeared. His body was never found, but his ghost haunts the house. Washington says her story is nonsense, and proceeds to remove the stain with stain remover. There is a clap of thunder and Mrs. Umney faints. When she awakes, Mrs. Umney warns the Otis’ to be wary because she has seen the truth of the ghost’s existence, and has spent many sleepless nights in the house. All of the Otises, however, state that they are not afraid of ghosts. (From Bookrags.com).