Pioneer Missions Explorations of the Sun, Jupiter, Saturn and Venus

Planetary scientists have been in the explore the solar system mode since the early 1960s, ever since NASA and other space agencies were capable of lofting satellites from Earth. Thats when the first lunar and Mars probes left Earth to study those worlds. The Pioneer  series of spacecraft were a large part of that effort. They performed first-of-their-kind explorations of the Sun, Jupiter, Saturn and Venus. They also paved the way for many other probes, including the Voyager missions, Cassini,  Galileo, and New Horizons.   The first in the Pioneer series of spacecraft was called Pioneer Able, and it studied the Moon. NASA   Pioneer 0, 1, 2 Pioneer Missions 0, 1, and 2 were the United States first attempts to study the Moon using spacecraft. These identical missions, which all failed to meet their lunar objectives, were followed by Pioneers 3 and 4. They were Americas first successful lunar missions. The next one in the series, Pioneer 5 provided the first maps of the interplanetary magnetic field. Pioneers 6,7,8, and 9 followed up as the worlds first solar monitoring network and provided warnings of increased solar activity which could affect Earth-orbiting satellites and ground systems. As NASA and the planetary science community were able to build more robust spacecraft that could travel farther than the inner solar system, they created and deployed the twin Pioneer 10 and 11 vehicles. These were the first spacecraft to ever visit Jupiter and Saturn. The craft performed a wide variety of scientific observations of the two planets and returned environmental data that was used during the design of the more sophisticated Voyager probes. Pioneer 10 was built at NASA Ames Research Center and included multiple detectors and instruments to study the planet, its gravitational field, and its magnetic field. NASA   Pioneer 3, 4 Following the unsuccessful USAF/NASA Pioneer Missions 0, 1, and 2 lunar missions, the U.S. Army and NASA launched two  more lunar missions. These were smaller than the previous spacecraft in the series and each carried only a single experiment to detect cosmic radiation. Both vehicles were supposed to fly by the Moon and return data about Earth and Moons radiation environment. The launch of Pioneer 3 failed when the launch vehicle firsts stage cut-off prematurely. Although Pioneer 3 did not achieve escape velocity, it reached an altitude of 102,332 km and discovered a second radiation belt around Earth. This is the configuration for Pioneers 3 and 4. NASA The launch of Pioneer 4 was successful, and it was the first American spacecraft to escape Earths gravitational pull as it passed within 58,983 km of the moon (about twice the planned flyby altitude). The spacecraft did return  data on the Moon radiation environment, although the desire to be the first man-made vehicle to fly past the moon was lost when the Soviet Unions Luna 1 passed by the Moon several weeks before Pioneer 4. Pioneer 6, 7, 7, 9, E Pioneers 6, 7, 8, and 9 were created to make the first detailed, comprehensive measurements of the solar wind, solar magnetic fields, and cosmic rays. Designed to measure large scale magnetic phenomena and particles and fields in interplanetary space, data from the vehicles have been used to better understand stellar processes as well as the structure and flow of the solar wind. The vehicles also acted as the worlds first space-based solar weather network, providing practical data on solar storms which impact communications and power on Earth. A fifth spacecraft, Pioneer E, was lost when it failed to orbit due to a launch vehicle failure. Pioneer 10, 11 Pioneers 10 and 11 were the first spacecraft to visit Jupiter (Pioneer 10 and 11) and Saturn (Pioneer 11 only). Acting as pathfinders for the Voyager missions, the vehicles provided the first up-close science observations of these planets, as well as information about the environments that would be encountered by the Voyagers. Instruments aboard the two craft studied Jupiter and Saturns atmospheres, magnetic fields, moons, and rings, as well as the interplanetary magnetic and dust particle environments, the solar wind, and cosmic rays. Following their planetary encounters, the vehicles continued on escape trajectories from the solar system. At the end of 1995, Pioneer 10 (the first man-made object to leave the solar system) was about 64 AU from the Sun and heading toward interstellar space at 2.6 AU/year. At the same time, Pioneer 11 was 44.7 AU from the Sun and heading outward at 2.5 AU/year. Following their planetary encounters, some experiments aboard both spacecraft were turned off to save power as the vehicles RTG power output degraded. Pioneer 11s mission ended on September 30, 1995, when its RTG power level was insufficient to operate any experiments and the spacecraft, could no longer be controlled. Contact with Pioneer 10 was lost in 2003. This artists concept of the Pioneer 12 spacecraft (twin to Pioneer 11) at Jupiter. It, like its twin, measured conditions at Jupiter, including its magnetic field and radiation environment. NASA Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Multiprobe Mission Pioneer Venus Orbiter was designed to perform long-term observations of the Venus atmosphere and surface features. After entering orbit around Venus in 1978, the spacecraft returned global maps of the planets clouds, atmosphere and ionosphere, measurements of the atmosphere-solar wind interaction, and radar maps of 93 percent of the surface of Venus. Additionally, the vehicle made use of several opportunities to make systematic UV observations of several comets. With a planned primary mission duration of only eight months, the Pioneer spacecraft remained in operation until October 8, 1992, when it finally burned up in the atmosphere of Venus after running out of propellant. Data from the Orbiter was correlated with data from its sister vehicle (Pioneer Venus Multiprobe and its atmospheric probes) to relate specific local measurements to the general state of the planet and its environment as observed from orbit. Despite their drastically different roles, the Pioneer Orbiter and Multiprobe were very similar in design. The use of identical systems (including flight hardware, flight software, and ground test equipment) and incorporation of existing designs from previous missions (including OSO and Intelsat) allowed the mission to meet its objectives at minimum cost. Pioneer Venus Multiprobe Pioneer Venus Multiprobe carried 4 probes designed to perform in-situ atmospheric measurements. Released from the carrier vehicle in mid-November 1978, the probes entered the atmosphere at 41,600 km/hr and carried a variety of experiments to measure chemical composition, pressure, density, and temperature of the mid-to-lower atmosphere. The probes, consisting of one  large heavily instrumented probe and three smaller probes, were targeted at different locations. The large probe entered near the planets equator (in daylight). The small probes were sent to different spots. The Pioneer Venus Multiprobe was launched in 1978 and arrived in late autumn. The probes descended through the atmosphere and sent back information about the conditions. NASA   The probes were not designed to survive impact with the surface, but the day probe, sent to the daylight side, did manage to last a while. It sent temperature data from the surface for 67 minutes until its batteries were depleted. The carrier vehicle, not designed for atmospheric reentry, followed the probes into the Venusian environment and relayed data about the characteristics of the extreme outer atmosphere until it was destroyed by atmospheric heating. The Pioneer missions had a long and honorable place in space exploration history. They paved the way for other missions and contributed greatly to our understanding of not only planets but also the interplanetary space through which they move. Fast Facts about The Pioneer Missions The Pioneer missions comprised a number of spacecraft to planets ranging from the Moon and Venus to the outer gas giants Jupiter and Saturn.The first successful Pioneer missions went to the Moon.The most complex mission was Pioneer Venus Multiprobe. Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen

Essay about Paine and Burke - 1644 Words

HOW FAR DO POLITICAL PHILOSOPHIES OF EITHER HOBBES AND LOCKE OR PAINE AND BURKE DIFFER. This essay will examine the philosophical difference between Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine relating to the French and American Revolutions at the late Eighteenth Century. We are going to present a summary of the debate between these two different philosophers in the first part of this essay. The pros and cons of each man will be looked at in the second and third part of the essay and the final part of this essay will explain why Thomas Paines view was more accepted and legitimate in America than Edmund Burke. In summary this essay will compare and contrast both Paine and Burke views of natural rights, human nature and the government. Burke and†¦show more content†¦Burke also argued against natural rights and explained a custom and practice that develops relation between the government and people. Paine believed in equality and criticised the monarch being chosen by the hereditary succession and by the choice of the people. He wanted the British Constitution to be written because he saw it as not right, and it was brought in during the Glorious Revolution in 1688. According to Burke, there is no natural right for people to choose their governors thus this right is just to degrade the state and bring it lower. Burke did not believe in democracy in any shape or form and saw human rights as being given to you traditionally. For Burke there is no such a thing like equality because some people will always be on the top and others in the bottom and any attempt to change will result in revolution like what happened in France. He argued against the rising ignorance among the people and the importance of education and the tradition being kept. Paine being an egalitarian disagreed with Burke once again, because he saw social contract as consent between the people rather than government and emphasised on non-educated not necessarily stupid as Burke saw them. They have views and being educated will help them do better. Paine believed in ordinary people being given a chance to play political role in society. In addition he believed in the Rights of Man for everybody and everyone have should have the rightShow MoreRelatedThomas Paine vs. Edmund Burke Essay854 Words   |  4 Pagesof their political views. Thomas Paine took the side of the French, opposing his own country, because he believed in a system where people can govern themselves. Edmund Burke took the side of the English because he was supporting his country and believed in a system where there needs to be a higher power to keep people in their place. Thomas Paine was a radical in the way he thought and believed in a total reform of the way people were living at that time. Burke was a Conservative and believed thatRead MoreThe View Of Human Nature : Thomas Paine And Edmund Burke930 Words   |  4 Pagesconstantly being used in the European Middle Ages to describe the view of human nature for Thomas Paine and Edmund Burke. Although both authors have differing views of what it means to be free and equal, they also show differences in their attitude against the type of government within society. With so many differences of opinions between these authors it seems as if there is not much common ground. For Thomas Paine, his ideas center on the fact of every man being equal, God would not want his followers toRead MoreEdmund Burke and Thomas Paine: A Comparative Analysis of Their Views on the French Revolution913 Words   |  4 PagesEdmund Burke and Thomas Paine differed strongly on their views of the French revolution and the wisdom of the proceedings of the French National Assembly in 1789-90. In his book Reflections on the Revolution in France t he conservative Edmund Burke argued that the concept of universal human rights that applied internationally across all societies was a meaningless abstraction that was subversive of social order, while in The Rights of Man the radical democrat Thomas Paine insisted that all human beingsRead More Edmund Burke and Thomas Paines Views on the French Revolution645 Words   |  3 PagesEdmund Burke and Thomas Paines Views on the French Revolution Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine were two of the several strongly-opinionated individuals writing back-and-forth in response to what the others were saying about the French Revolution. Burke, a critic, writes first. Paine, a supporter, responds. In the excerpt from Reflections on the Revolution in France, Burke argues in favor of King Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette. When Marie was murdered, Burke says, â€Å"As aRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1336 Words   |  6 Pagesincluding that of Queen Marie Antoinette and her husband King Louis XVI, it was also a time of great political turmoil which would turn man against man that being the case of Edmond Burke and Thomas Paine. Edmond Burke a traditionalist who believed the people should be loyal to the king against his former friend, Thomas Paine a free thinker who believed in order for things to improve one has to have some sort of change. In a time where it seemed as though things changed over-night the only question isRead MoreThe French Revolution By Edmund Burke Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pageskilling of thousands of people, were actually necessary. The outcome of the French Revolution did not immediately bring about the destruction of the monarc hy and financial prosperity amongst the lower class. Renown critic of the Revolution, Edmund Burke, discusses his distaste for the manners in how the French people violently handled the circumstances they were in through his writing of Reflections on the French Revolution. Contrary to the beliefs of those more conservative, the country’s rewardsRead MoreThomas Paine : Towards An Independent Nation1718 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Paine: Towards an Independent Nation Thomas Paine is most known for his influence in the freedom loving American colonies. With his excellent use of rhetoric and his charisma, he quickly began to gain followers. In his writings, such as Common Sense, The Rights of Man, and The Age of Reason, he used these skills to call the Americans to action. Thomas Paine influenced American society and literature with his argumentative pamphlets and influential writings which inspired AmericansRead MoreThe Man Of The Modern Conservatism889 Words   |  4 Pages Burke, the father of the modern conservatism, is well known for his criticism, or contempt of the French Revolution; assuming so, it is not hard to doubt that he in fact sympathized with the American cause. If he is the true father of the conservatism, then the reader may be surprised to hear that he sided with the colonists; however, his decision makes a sense if we acknowledge that Burke regarded the American Revolution as a revolution that is not too far apart from that o f the Glorious RevolutionRead MorePoverty And Poverty1081 Words   |  5 Pagesthis type of dispute is the French Revolution. The French Revolution sparked country across Europe and the world, giving rise to the formation of new political opinion of the poor. Famous authors and politicians during the time, like Thomas Paine and Edmund Burke, sparked an emergence of differing opinions from those commonly held prior to the revolution on the topics of human nature’s impact on poverty and original sin. In today’s day and age, this difference of opinion is still prevalent within mainstreamRead MoreComplications Of The French Revolution1364 Words   |  6 Pagesmonarchy all together. Even Edmund Burke, who became one of the strongest adversaries to the Revolution said I shall Rejoice in seeing such a happy order establish’d in France as much as I do in my consciousness that an order of the same kind, †¦ has been long settled, and I hope on a firm foundation in England. However, this only lasted for a few months as his reservations about the Revolution grew with the increasing violence and radicalisation in France. Burke began to worry that the Revolutionary

Balanced Scoreboard Free Essays

Firstly, financial element is an organizational element which aims at examining whether implementation and execution of company’s organizational strategy are equally contributing to company’s improvement. It is characterized by measures which assess whether the company is able to manage its costs and operations. For Accounting Firm financial element is very important for enhancing performance because it helps to manage revenue growth, profit margins, net operation income and cash flows. We will write a custom essay sample on Balanced Scoreboard or any similar topic only for you Order Now Secondly, customer element aims at defining the value proposition to satisfy customers and to generate more sales. This element is used to measure the delivered value, costs and outcomes – for example, market share or customer satisfaction. In Accounting firm customer element will enhance operational performance, product leadership, customer satisfaction and intimacy. Thirdly, internal process element or perspective aims at creating and delivering the value proposition of customers. The task is to concentrate on key activities and processes to provide value expected by the customers the most effectively and productively. Short-term and long-term objectives are incorporated. In Accounting Firm this element is of great help for developing innovative processes and stimulating further company’s improvement. Internal process assists in improving asset utilization, establishing good relations with external shareholders, etc. Finally, element of learning and growth aims at founding any effective strategy which will concentrate on intangible assets, internal skills and capabilities necessary for value-creating internal process. Human capital, information capital and organizational capital are involved. This element plays important role for Accounting firm as it stimulates improvement in learning, decreases short-term financial loses and contributes to long-term development. References Cobbold, I. Lawrie, G. (2002). The Development of the Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Management Tool. USA: Performance Measurement Association. How to cite Balanced Scoreboard, Papers

Julian Burnside - Barrister and Refugee - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theJulian Burnside, Barrister and Refugee Advocate. Answer: Julian William Kennedy Burnside was born on 9th June 1949 in Australia barrister. He is an author and an advocate of human right and refugee. He pursue principally in trade, commercial litigation, and administrative law. The staunch opposition by Burnside to the mandatory detention of asylum seeker made him famous, and got a break through to counsel cases which are of high profile (Northouse, 2012). In 2009, Julian was appointed an officer of the order of Australia to deliver as the advocate for human right. He mainly represented the asylum seekers and the refugees as their fundraiser and patron. Early Life Julian mother was Olwen Lloyd Banks, and his father was Kennedy Bryon Burnside, and they lived in Melbourne. Julian father was a protuberant Melbourne urologist. Burnside started his school at Melbourne Grammar School where he performed well and graduated with a lot of prices and scholarships. He then attended Monash University where he studied economics and law with the aim of working as an organization consultant. While still in university, Julian showed a great talent for studying law, and he competed in a mock court competition at Moot Court. Burnside was nominated to go to New Zealand and represent Monash at an international competition where he won a Black Cup for being the best speaker during this competition. The adjudicator who was the chief justice of New Zealand then talked to Burnside and persuaded him to take a career as a barrister. Burnside in 1992 graduated with a bachelor of economics, and a year later he graduated with a Bachelor of Law (Burnside, 2009). Burnside has a family of four. Her wife Kate, a foster son, Mosa and daughter Katherine. Professional Career In 1976, Julian was acknowledged as a barrister of the Supreme Court, and thirteen years later, he was hired a Queens Counsel. Burnside work has always aimed majorly on commercial law. This has enabled him to appear in many commercial cases which are significant mostly trade practices and take-over cases. Burnside was well known as a commercial lawyer due to his representation of high profile cases for wealthiest Australians like Rose Porteous and Alan Bond. Burnside acted for big end town until the late 1990s. In 1998, the battle between Patrick Corporation and the Maritime Union of Australia through the 1998 Australian waterfront dispute which was one Australias longest and severe industrial associations disputes, Burnside acted for Maritime Union of Australia which surprised many people. The matter was moved to the high court of Australia which the union finally won, albeit certain conditions. This is one of the most memorable cases of Burnside, and he describes that for justice of workplace to exist, it was important to have a union of that kind (Burnside, 2009). The involvement of advocate Burnside in the disagreement is shown by Rhy Muldoon in 2007 ABC miniseries Bastard Boys. From the 1990s, Burnside started working more on pro bono legal job on a range of issues related to the human right. He represented Victorias chief civil liberties organization in a case against the government of Australia regarding Tampa affairs and passionately criticized John Howards Government for the detention of asylum seekers immediately they arrived in Australia. With his family, Julian spared a room to host refugee and extra lawyers for refugees, an act which provided a legal representation and a free accommodation of refugees in Australia (Burnside, 2009). Along all this period, Burnside upheld his job as a commercial litigator, appearing on major class actions, general commercial cases, and trade practices cases. Indigenous Australians have also been represented by Burnside with the most famous being the case for Trevorrow Bruce, the Native generation member who sued the Government of South Australia for having separated him from his parents. Mr. Trevorrow won the case, and it was the first time an Australian government was charged guilty of such conduct and the government paid $500,000 compensation in damage (Nohria Khurana, 2013). Burnside was granted the Human Right Law award in 2004 by the Human Right and Equal Opportunity Commission and sponsored by the Law Council of Australia. This was due to his pro-bono authorized work that he did for asylum seekers and also for providing a spare lawyer for refugees. In the same year, Burnside was elected an Australian Living Treasures. Peace Organization of Australia included Burnside on the Australia Peace price in 2007and in 2014, Sydney Peace Foundation awarded Burnside with the Sydney Peace Price award (Van, 2013) As a writer, many books in human right, law, and philosophy has been written by Burnside. In addition to his job as a lawyer, Burnside is a patron of many art organization. He is a chair of two art organization, and he regularly contacts classical sculptures and music compositions. Julian was in charge of Lyle Chan who is an Australian composer for a tongue in cheek work titled Wind Farm music dedicated To Tony Addott. The song gain publicity since it passed the message to the prime minister complaining about anti-renewal energy policy. Some of the cases that have been counseled by Julian Burnside are: He defended Allan Bond He assisted Australian Broadcasting Authorities to interrogate John Laws and Alan Jones, He helped the Maritime Union of Australia in the high court to defeat Patrick Stevedores playing the main role of dramatizing ABC miniseries Bastard Boys Burnside was the counsel for the Ok Tedi natives against BHP Burnside helped Trevorrow Bruce to successfully claim compensation for damage as stolen generation member against the state of South Australia. And this was a historic win (Bass, et al, 2003). He represented Rose Porteous in many actions against Gina Rinehart among other cases Approach of Leadership and Leadership Theory The type of leadership style used by Julian Burnside is democratic. The leader is so relaxed and involves the follower in decision making. In this case, Burnside represented asylums and organized for the refugees a lawyer so that the court should judge whoever was right (Roughton and Mercurio, 2002). The theory used by the leader is the transformational theory. In this theory, the leader interacts with others and is capable of creating a good rapport that results in a high percentage of trust which will eventually increase extrinsic and extrinsic motive in followers and the leader. Burnside transformed his followers through his inspirational nature and charismatic personalities. The attribute of Burnside to asylum and the refugees also provided them with a sense of belonging as they easily identified the leader and his contributions. Key Challenges faced by Leaders Leaders always encounter different problems in their diverse life. The main two challenges that were faced by Burnside were critics and career damage. Critics. Burnside has faced critics in many instances, and the latest instant was in July 2016 when he published a blog post supporting a statement made by Shady AL Suleiman who is an Australian Muslim cleric. Shady comment on HIV/AIDS was purporting that all diseases were being spread by homosexuality citing that when you contact a doctor, you will realize that evil action caused wicked outcomes to the society. Burnside wrote saying that the remarks by AL Suleimans appeared to be true and real as a problem of medical observation. He later received critics from the Spectator Australia and the Herland sun which are opinion columnists. There was also a letter written by Rita Panahi accusing Julian of spreading a label that the spread of HIV/AIDS was a responsibility of Homosexuals. Burnside managed this challenge by explaining in his next post that he did not disapprove gay people hence they should be left to live their life directed by their instincts (Woods, 2004). Leaders can avoid this type of critics by not taking sides or by keeping quite. Career Damage Another challenge faced by leaders is that their career is being damaged. Burnside says that his career has been damaged by activism, because of the time it consumes, and it is to the contrary that the judges and the barrister do not speak on the public issue and he accepts that the rise of Pauline Hanson may seep away his victory. According to Burnside, he is a barrister and e is focused on winning but moving away maybe a personal expense for quite long. There is also a big barrier from the judges as they view Burnside as the leader of the human right who has a great mass behind him. Burnside has come to a view that he may not see success, but he has the pledge to continue trying to fight for human rights (Goleman, 2003). Lesson Learned from Burnside From the action of Julian Burnside, we can learn that we can use our career to fight for other peoples right and be recognized. Julian Burnside used is a career as a barrister and as an advocate to help refugees and the asylums. This act made him win many awards. He also presented the union in the court and helped them win the most controversial case. The cases represented by the advocate were many mostly those of human right and those of commercial laws (Briskman, et al, 2008). From the story, we also learn how to maintain challenges like critics and career. This will help in creating good relation with the public and serving those in need well. The approach used by Burnside was a transformative method with democratic leadership style, and this worked well since trust and rapport were created (Johnson, 2013). References Bass, B.M., Avolio, B.J., Jung, D.I. and Berson, Y., 2003. Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of applied psychology, 88(2), p.207. Briskman, L., Latham, S., Goddard, C., Street, K. and Bentley, P., 2008. Human rights overboard. Melbourne, Victoria: Scribe Publications. Burnside, J., 2009. Wordwatching. Scribe Publications Pty Ltd. Goleman, D., 2003. What makes a leader. Organizational influence processes, pp.229-241. Johnson, C.E., 2013. Meeting the ethical challenges of leadership: Casting light or shadow. Sage Publications. Nohria, N. and Khurana, R. eds., 2013. Handbook of leadership theory and practice: An HBS centennial colloquium on advancing leadership. Harvard Business Press. Northouse, P.G., 2012. Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage. Roughton, J. and Mercurio, J., 2002. Developing an effective safety culture: A leadership approach. Butterworth-Heinemann. Van Wart, M., 2013. Lessons from leadership theory and the contemporary challenges of leaders. Public Administration Review, 73(4), pp.553-565. Woods, P.A., 2004. Democratic leadership: drawing distinctions with distributed leadership. International journal of Leadership in Education, 7(1), pp.3-26.

Welfare State Essays - Federal Assistance In The United States

Welfare State The role of welfare within our society has always been controversial. This problem emphasizes the need to understand the roles of variable factors when pertaining to the subject of welfare within our society. The proposed analysis will address the phenomenon of welfare assistance and several factors which may contribute to the increase or decrease of welfare assistance to the poor in 4 ways: (1) by defining major concepts and any other concepts about which there is likely to be misunderstanding (2) by further examining the past history pertaining to the subject of welfare assistance within the United States; (3) by developing the formulation of a hypothesis which will provide for an explanation of welfare; and finally (4) determining whether or not the benefits of welfare assistance outweigh the cost. Ultimately, the purpose of this research analysis is to investigate variable factors that may contribute to the increase or decrease of welfare assistance. This cost benefit analysis is an attempt to explain the tentative assumptions of others pertaining to the subject of welfare, in order to determine and explain the relationship of welfare to the economic cost and benefits. Cost-Benefit Analysis Before welfare assistance can be analyzed there is a need to define the terms that will be used. Policies like welfare assistance are worthwhile only if the benefits to society are greater than the costs. When choosing among a set of policies, the policy with the greatest net benefit (benefit over cost) should be chosen. Hence, this is where the term cost-benefit analysis comes from. Cost-benefit analysis is a technique for determining the optimal level of an economic activity such as welfare. In general, an activity such as welfare assistance should be expanded as long as it leads to greater benefits than costs. In purely economic terms, does the benefit of welfare assistance justify the costs of welfare assistance? (Mishan 13) Why Use Cost-benefit Analysis? Since 1981, government agencies have been required to perform cost-benefit analyses called Regulatory Impact Analyses (RIA's) for all major regulations within the United States. Many statutes require that cost-benefit analysis be undertaken and the results be reported to Congress (Mishan 2). Cost-benefit analysis can also be a good way to measure how effective a policy such as welfare assistance has been, or to find ways in which a program can be improved. But, regardless of how it is used, the preparation of a cost benefit analysis provides a useful framework for consideration of the possible effects of a proposed policy. Past History of Welfare Assistance One of the first welfare programs to provide income support to the poor was a federally backed plan called the Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) program. This legislation was introduced with the establishment of the Social Security program during the Great Depression. (Rowley, and Peacock 43) The ADC program which had started nearly sixty years ago is now better known as the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program, which provided a federal entitlement to economic support for single parents with children younger than 18 who fell below a threshold of assets and income (Rowley, and Peacock 44). Federal guidelines allowed for each state to set its own predetermined needs standards for families of different sizes and living locations. Both the federal government and the states supplied funding for the AFDC program (Rowley, and Peacock 50). In 1996 Congress adopted the Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF) program by enacting the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act which ultimately changed the structure of federal financial assistance to the states thereby abolishing the AFDC program. Another social welfare program was the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program. Congress established the Supplemental Security Income program in 1972, with payments beginning in January 1974. It replaced the former Federal-State programs of Old-Age Assistance (OAA), Aid to the Blind (AB), and Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled (APTD)( Myles, and Pierson 9). An individual may have qualified for payments on the basis of age, blindness, or disability. Any person aged 65 or older was also eligible. President Richard Nixon enacted the Supplemental Security Income program with the signing of the Supplemental Social Insurance Act. The benefits under this program were originally targeted to the elderly who did not qualify for social security and the blind and disabled whose income and assets fell below the specified thresholds. A third major welfare assistance program is the Medicaid program. The Medicaid program is a health care support program targeted toward the poor. Medicaid was originally suppose to provide the same health care to the poor as privately

Should there be a law when celebrities influence Essays

Should there be a law when celebrities influence Essays Should there be a law when celebrities influence Essay Should there be a law when celebrities influence Essay Anorexia nervosa is an eating upset, characterised by self-starvation. Sick persons tend to hold a distorted organic structure image, frequently sing themselves as larger than they really are. They may develop an intense fright of weight addition, despite the fact they are significantly scraggy. The unwellness has a psychological every bit good as physical footing and is more complex than merely following an utmost diet. Sufferers typically become haunted with nutrient and develop schemes to enable them to avoid eating. The deficiency of nutrient can ensue in failing, desiccation, sterility, kidney failure, bosom failure and decease. Despite considerable research, no individual cause of the unwellness has been established, although the media are frequently criticised for their publicity of super-thin theoretical accounts. In add-on, assorted famous persons, have been blamed for promoting anorexia through their emaciated visual aspects which some argue have led immature misss to endeavor for unnatural and inaccessible ideals, taking to the development of eating upsets. The influence of famous persons have led some to propose that the reply to the job may lie in legal control in the signifier of go throughing a jurisprudence to curtail the celebrity/anorexia influence upon immature misss. In footings of a condemnable jurisprudence and the possibility of conveying a prosecution against a famous person accused of act uponing immature misss to go anorectic, a figure of jobs arise. First, the nature of the offense itself, bing statute law allows for prosecution for non-fatal offenses under the Offences Against the Person Act 1861. A possible offense would include subdivision 20, which makes it an offense to bring down dangerous bodily injury ( GBH ) on any individual. There is no uncertainty that the wellness jobs suffered by those with anorexia could amount to GBH but there is an issue with causing – could the famous person concerned be said to hold caused the anorexia? In order to successfully prosecute a famous person in this context, the prosecution would hold to demo, beyond sensible uncertainty, that the behavior of the famous person straight caused a peculiar immature miss to develop anorexia. There are a figure of issues originating here. First, causing would be highly hard to set up. The usual manner of turn outing causing is by using a two-stage trial. First, was the action of the suspect, in this instance the famous person, the factual cause of the victim’s injury? The trial used comes from the instance of R v White [ 1910 ] [ 1 ] and is known as the but for’ trial – but for the actions of the suspect, would the victim have suffered from anorexia? As anorexia is a complex mental unwellness, the cause of which is non normally agreed upon, this would be all but impossible to turn out and surely could non, on the footing of current medical cognition, be attributed beyond sensible uncertainty to a individual cause. As factual causing entirely does non ever give rise to legal liability, even if it could be established, the prosecution would besides be required to turn out legal causing. For legal causing to be established, the actions of the suspect must be the legal cause of the victim’s injury. In relation to anorexia, the prosecution would hold to demo that the behavior of the famous person in inquiry made a important or more than minimal’ part to the victim’s anorexia. [ 2 ] This is possibly easier to turn out than factual causing but would still necessitate medical grounds to back up the averment. This would be really hard to happen. If both factual and legal causing could be established, the suspect may well reason that the fact that no 1 cause of anorexia has been established by the medical profession means that their behavior is merely one of a figure of possible causes. In add-on, the actions of the victim themselves may good be considered to interrupt the concatenation of causing which must take straight from the defendant’s behavior to the victim’s anorexia – in other words, the famous person may reason that it is the victim who has caused their ain anorexia by declining to eat and that they should non, hence, be held responsible. Even if the issues of causing were satisfied, there would be a job with work forces rea, in that the famous person would hold to be shown to hold deliberately caused the victim to develop anorexia or been foolhardy as to whether they did so. The prosecution are improbable to be able to turn out that this was the instance as no jury would be likely to do such a determination merely on the footing of the manner the famous person looked. In the civil kingdom, a instance may be made for carelessness, based on a failure by the famous person concerned to take sufficient attention to protect immature misss from being influenced by their visual aspect. This excessively though is improbable, since the tribunals would likely non enforce the necessary responsibility of attention upon famous persons. If famous persons were held to owe such a responsibility to immature misss, it would curtail their liberty and may even be held to transgress their human rights, as the tribunals would be enforcing their positions upon what constituted a normal weight and how famous persons would be allowed to look/dress and the similar. As there are issues with the bing Torahs, a new jurisprudence could be developed but given the jobs already highlighted in both the felon and civil sphere, any new statute law is likely to run into similar jobs. In decision, hence, there should non be a jurisprudence regulating this country, as the practical jobs associated with it would be excessively great. Alternatively, other influences should be considered, such how to advance the impression of a healthy weight, whilst research and intervention for those enduring from anorexia should be continued. Bibliography Allen, M. Criminal Law, 9Thursdayedition. Oxford: OUP, 2007 Beat. Has Fashion Got Its House in Order? ’ October 2007 Emmett, S. Theory and Treatment of Anorexia and Bulimia. Brunner-Mazel, 1985 Harpwood, V. Modern Tort Law, 6Thursdayedition, Routledge, 2005 Ormerod, D. Smith and Hogan Criminal Law, 11Thursdayedition. LexisNexis, 2005 Web sites BBC At: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bbc.co.uk/health/conditions/anorexia1.shtml Eating Disorders UK At: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.b-eat.co.uk/Home Accessed 22neodymiumMarch 2008 1

Dong Son Drums - Symbols of a Maritime Bronze Age Society in Asia

Dong Son Drums - Symbols of a Maritime Bronze Age Society in Asia The Dong Son Drum (or Dongson Drum) is ​the  most famous artifact of the Southeast Asian Dongson culture, a complex society of farmers and sailors who lived in what is today northern Vietnam, and made bronze and iron objects between about 600 BC and AD 200. The drums, which are found throughout southeast Asia, can be enormousa typical drum is 70 centimeters (27 inches) in diameterwith a flat top, bulbous rim, straight sides, and a splayed foot. The Dong Son drum is the earliest form of bronze drum found in southern China and southeast Asia, and they have been used by many different ethnic groups from prehistoric times to the present. Most of the early examples are found in northern Vietnam and southwestern China, specifically, Yunnan Province and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The Dong Son drums were produced in the Tonkin area of northern Vietnam and southern China beginning about 500 BC and then traded or otherwise distributed throughout island Southeast Asia as far as the western New Guinea mainland and the island of Manus. The earliest written records describing the Dongson drum appear in the Shi Ben, a Chinese book dated from the 3rd century BC. The Hou Han Shu, a late Han dynasty book dated to the 5th century AD, describes how the Han dynasty rulers collected bronze drums from what is now northern Vietnam to melt down and recast into bronze horses. Examples of Dongson Drums have been found in elite burial assemblages at the major Dongson culture sites of Dong Son, Viet Khe, and Shizhie Shan. Dong Son Drum Designs Designs on the highly ornamented Dong Son drums reflect a sea-oriented society. Some have elaborate friezes of figured scenes, featuring boats and warriors wearing elaborate feather head-dresses. Other common watery designs include bird-motifs, small three-dimensional animals (frogs or toads?), long boats, fish, and geometric symbols of clouds and thunder. Human figures, long-tailed flying birds and stylized depictions of boats are typical on the bulging upper part of the drums. One iconic image found on the top of all Dongson drums is a classic starburst, with a various number of spikes radiating out from a center. This image is immediately recognizable to westerners as a representation of a sun or a star. Whether that was what the makers had in mind is something of a puzzle. Interpretive Clashes Vietnamese scholars tend to view the decorations on the drums as a reflection of cultural characteristics of the Lac Viet people, early residents of Vietnam; Chinese scholars interpret the same decorations as evidence of a cultural exchange between interior China and Chinas southern frontier. One outlier theorist is Austrian scholar Robert von Heine-Geldern, who pointed out that the earliest Bronze Age drums in the world come from 8th century BC Scandinavia and the Balkans: he suggested that some of the decorative motifs including tangent-circles, ladder-motif, meanders and hatched triangles may have roots in the Balkans. Heine-Gelderns theory is a minority position. Another point of contention is the central star: it has been interpreted by western scholars to represent the sun (suggesting the drums are part of a solar cult), or perhaps the Pole Star, marking the center of the sky (but the Pole Star is not visible in much of southeast Asia). The real crux of the issue is that the typical southeast Asian sun/star icon is not a round center with triangles representing the rays, but rather a circle with straight or wavy lines emanating from its edges. The star form is undeniably a decorative element found on Dongson drums, but its meaning and nature is unknown at present. Long-beaked and long-tailed birds with outstretched wings are often seen on the drums, and interpreted as typically aquatic, such as herons or cranes. These too have been used to argue a foreign contact from Mesopotamia/Egypt/Europe with southeast Asia. Again, this is a minority theory that crops up in the literature (see Loofs-Wissowa for a detailed discussion). But, contact with such far-flung societies is not a totally crazy idea: Dongson sailors likely participated in the Maritime Silk Road which could account for long-distance contact with late Bronze Age societies in India and the rest of the world.There is no doubt that the drums themselves were made by the Dongson people, and where they got the ideas for some of their motifs is (to my mind anyway) not particularly significant.   Studying Dong Son Drums The first archaeologist to comprehensively study southeast Asian drums was Franz Heger, an Austrian archaeologist, who categorized the drums into four types and three transitory types. Hegers Type 1 was the earliest form, and that is the one called the Dong Son drum. It wasnt until the 1950s that Vietnamese and Chinese scholars began their own investigations. A rift was established between the two countries, in that each set of scholars claimed the invention of bronze drums for their resident countries. That split of interpretation has persisted. In terms of classifying drum styles, for example, Vietnamese scholars kept Hegers typology, while Chinese scholars created their own classifications. While antagonism between the two sets of scholars has melted away, neither side has changed its overall position. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Dongson Culture, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Ballard C, Bradley R, Myhre LN, and Wilson M. 2004. The ship as symbol in the prehistory of Scandinavia and Southeast Asia. World Archaeology 35(3):385-403.  . Chinh HX, and Tien BV. 1980. The Dongson Culture and Cultural Centers in the Metal Age in Vietnam. Asian Perspectives 23(1):55-65. Han X. 1998. The present echoes of the ancient bronze drums: Nationalism and archaeology in modern Vietnam and China. Explorations 2(2):27-46. Han X. 2004. Who Invented the Bronze Drum? Nationalism, Politics, and a Sino-Vietnamese Archaeological Debate of the 1970s and 1980s. Asian Perspectives 43(1):7-33. Loofs-Wissowa HHE. 1991. Dongson Drums: Instruments of shamanism or regalia? Arts Asiatiques 46(1):39-49. Solheim WG. 1988. A Brief History of the Dongson Concept. Asian Perspectives 28(1):23-30. Tessitore J. 1988. View from the East Mountain: An Examination of the Relationship between the Dong Son and Lake Tien Civilizations in the First Millennium B.C. Asian Perspectives 28(1):31-44. Yao, Alice. Recent Developments in the Archaeology of Southwestern China. Journal of Archaeological Research, Volume 18, Issue 3, February 5, 2010.